Tonsillar lesions in white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) naturally infected with Mycobacterium bovis.
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Animals↗
Biomedical subjects
S M Schmitt
Publications and source records attributed to S M Schmitt.
Tuberculosis in free-ranging wildlife: detection, diagnosis and management.
Mycobacterium bovis is emerging as an important pathogen of free-ranging wildlife in which it is a potential source of infection for domestic animals and a threat to valuable wildlife species. This review examines the procedures for the detection, diagnosis and management of M. bovis in wildlife populations. The ante-mortem detection of M. bovis infection in wildlife is difficult, due to the common occurrence of subclinical infections and the deficiencies of the currently available diagnostic tests. Serological tests are insensitive, while tests measuring cell-mediated immune responses show promise, but have not been sufficiently developed for routine use in most species. The diagnosis of M. bovis in free-ranging wildlife relies on post-mortem examination supported by histopathology and microbiology. A feature of M. bovis infections is the variation in the appearance and distribution of lesions in the different host species. Bacterial culture remains the gold standard for diagnosis of tuberculosis, while histopathology is limited by the frequent inability to distinguish lesions caused by M. bovis from those produced by other mycobacterial species. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) fingerprinting and advanced typing techniques are increasingly being used to unravel the epidemiology of mycobacterial infections, including tuberculosis in free-ranging wildlife. An understanding of the epidemiology is essential if procedures are to be developed for the management of tuberculosis in wildlife. Few management options are currently available, especially for protected wildlife. Vaccination is the subject of much research, but further developments are required before it can be used to control tuberculosis in any animals, let alone in free-ranging wildlife.
Animals↗
Bovine tuberculosis in free-ranging carnivores from Michigan.
During a survey of carnivores and omnivores for bovine tuberculosis conducted in Michigan (USA) since 1996, Mycobacterium bovis was cultured from lymph nodes pooled from six coyotes (Canis latrans) (four adult female, two adult male), two adult male raccoons (Procyon lotor), one adult male red fox (Vulpes vulpes), and one 1.5-yr-old male black bear (Ursus americanus). One adult, male bobcat (Felis rufus) with histologic lesions suggestive of tuberculosis was negative on culture but positive for organisms belonging to the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex when tested by polymerase chain reaction. All the tuberculous animals were taken from three adjoining counties where M. bovis is known to be endemic in the free-ranging white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) population. There were two coyotes, one raccoon, one red fox, and one bobcat infected in Alpena county. Montmorency County had two coyotes and one raccoon with M. bovis. Two coyotes and a bear were infected from Alcona County. These free-ranging carnivores/omnivores probably became infected with M. bovis through consumption of tuberculous deer. Other species included in the survey were opossum (Didelphis virginiana), gray fox (Urocyon cinereoargenteus), and badger (Taxidea taxus); these were negative for M. bovis.
Animals↗
Tuberculous lesions in free-ranging white-tailed deer in Michigan.
Descriptions of the anatomical distribution of Mycobacterium bovis gross lesions in large samples of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) are lacking in the scientific literature. This report describes the distribution of gross lesions in the 58 white-tailed deer that cultured positive for M. bovis among the 19,500 submitted for tuberculosis testing in Michigan (USA) in 1999. For the vast majority (19,348) of those tested, only the head was submitted; for others, only extracranial tissues (33) or both the head and extracranial tissues (119) were available. Among those deer that cultured positive, cranial gross lesions were noted most frequently in the medial retropharyngeal lymph nodes, although solitary, unilateral parotid lymph node lesions also were found. Extracranial lesions occurred most commonly in the thorax. The distribution of lesions largely agreed with the few existing case reports of the M. bovis in white-tailed deer, although gross lesions were also found in sites apparently not previously reported in this species (liver, spleen, rumen, mammary gland). Some practical issues that may assist future surveillance and public education efforts are also discussed.
Animals↗
Comparison of postmortem techniques for the detection of Mycobacterium bovis in white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus).
A retrospective study of various diagnostic postmortem techniques used in a 4-year surveillance program for detection of Mycobacterium bovis infection in wild white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) was conducted. The tests evaluated were routine histopathology, acid-fast staining, detection of acid-fast bacilli in culture, and an M. tuberculosis group-specific genetic probe applied to pure cultures. Each of these techniques were compared with a reference or "gold standard" of mycobacterial culture and identification. Histopathology, the most rapid form of testing for M. bovis infection in white-tailed deer samples, had a sensitivity of 98% and a specificity of 87%, resulting in a positive predictive value of 94%. The detection of acid-fast bacilli by staining was less sensitive than histopathology (90%), but its higher specificity (97%) resulted in a positive predictive value of 99%. The detection of acid-fast bacilli on culture was both highly specific (93%) and sensitive (100%). The group-specific genetic probe had the highest sensitivity and specificity and produced results in complete agreement with those of mycobacterial culture, suggesting that this technique could be used as the new "gold standard" for this particular wildlife tuberculosis surveillance program.
Animals↗
Geographic distribution of ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) in Michigan, with emphasis on Ixodes scapularis and Borrelia burgdorferi.
A 12-yr (1985-1996) passive survey in Michigan based upon tick submissions from citizens yielded 4,755 ticks of 21 species, 16 of which were probably indigenous in the state. Three species of Dermacentor [most common, D. variabilis Say and D. albipictus (Packard)]; 2 species of Amblyomma [most common, A. americanum (L.)]; and 12 species of Ixodes (most common, I. cookei Packard and I. scapularis Say), as well as Haemaphysalis leporispalustris (Packard), Rhipicephalus sanguineus Latreille, and the soft ticks Ornithodoros kelleyi Cooley & Kohls, and Otobius megnini (Duges) were submitted. New state records were I. kingi Bishopp, I. texanus Banks, I. sculptus Neumann, and I. baergi Cooley & Kohls. Examination of gut smears from dissections of 1,037 ticks of 13 species by indirect immunofluorescent assay, using murine monoclonal H9724 as the primary antibody, revealed that 11 of 175 I. scapularis were infected with Borrelia spp. All positive I. scapularis were from Menominee County in the upper peninsula of the state, which also provided 79.8% of all submitted I. scapularis. Surveys for ticks on 5,449 hunter-killed white-tailed deer were conducted from 1988 to 1990, encompassed deer taken from 65 of the state's 83 counties, and showed that although D. albipictus was distributed widely in the northern part of the state, I. scapularis occurred only on deer taken from southern townships of Menominee County. Of 1,218 canine sera tested for antibodies to B. burgdorferi in 1992 and 1993, 25 of 299 (8.0%) from Menominee County were positive but only 1 of 919 sera submitted from 5 counties in the lower peninsula was positive.
Animals↗
Mycobacterium bovis in coyotes from Michigan.
During a survey for tuberculosis in wild carnivores and omnivores, Mycobacterium bovis was cultured from pooled lymph nodes of three adult female coyotes (Canis latrans) harvested by hunters in Michigan (USA). No gross or histologic lesions suggestive of tuberculosis were seen in these animals. One coyote was taken from Montmorency county and two coyotes from Alcona county located in the north-eastern portion of Michigan's Lower Peninsula where free-ranging white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) have been found infected with bovine tuberculosis. It is thought that these coyotes became infected with M. bovis through the consumption of tuberculous deer. Other species included in the survey were the opossum (Didelphis virginiana), raccoon (Procyon lotor), red fox (Vulpes vulpes), bobcat (Felis rufus), and badger (Taxidea taxus).
Animal Feed↗
Spark erosion for precise fitting of implant retained restorations.
This article describes modern, precise methods of imaging and manufacturing implant-retained dental restorations. Scan data, combined with spark erosion technology, eliminates many of the problems associated with implant retained restorations.
Computer-Aided Design↗
Bovine tuberculosis in free-ranging white-tailed deer from Michigan.
A 4.5 yr-old male white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) killed by a hunter during the 1994 firearm hunting season in northeastern Michigan (USA) had lesions suggestive of tuberculosis and was positive on culture for Mycobacterium bovis the causative agent for bovine tuberculosis. Subsequently, a survey of 354 hunter-harvested white-tailed deer for tuberculosis was conducted in this area from 15 November 1995 through 5 January 1996. Heads and/or lungs from deer were examined grossly and microscopically for lesions suggestive of bovine tuberculosis. Gross lesions suggestive of tuberculosis were seen in 15 deer. Tissues from 16 deer had acid-fast bacilli on histological examination and in 12 cases mycobacterial isolates from lymph nodes and/or lungs were identified as M. bovis. In addition, lymph nodes from 12 deer (11 females and 1 male) without gross or microscopic lesions were pooled into 1 sample from which M. bovis was cultured. Although more male (9) than female (3) deer had bovine tuberculosis infections, this difference was not statistically significant. Mycobacterium bovis culture positive deer ranged in age from 1.5 to 5.5 yr with a mean of 2.7 yr (median 2.5 yr) for males and 3.2 yr (median 3.5 yr) for females. This appears to be the first epidemic occurrence of M. bovis in free-ranging cervids in North America. A combination of environmental (high deer density and poor quality habit) and management-related factors (extensive supplemental feeding) may be responsible for this epizootic.
Animals↗
Detection of hepatitis B surface antigen in whole blood by coupled particle light scattering (Copalis).
Coupled particle light scattering (Copalis) is a homogeneous immunoassay technology that permits simultaneous determination of multiple analytes in serum, plasma, or whole blood. Copalis differentiates monomeric latex microparticles from latex aggregates and cells on the basis of their unique light scatter properties. Copalis readily discriminates small (approximately 0.1 micron) differences in latex microparticle size. Therefore, multiple simultaneous assays are configured by the use of mixtures of different-size latex microparticles. The Copalis research immunoassay for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) is configured in a sandwich format where the extent of light scatter histogram broadening due to HBsAg-mediated binding of colloidal gold to latex provides the basis for antigen quantification. Simultaneous Copalis forward- and wide-angle light scatter measurements allow discrimination of latex microparticles from the cell components of whole blood. Consequently, direct detection of HBsAg in unprocessed whole-blood samples by Copalis is feasible.
Hematocrit↗
Refining cast implant-retained restorations by electrical discharge machining.
The UCLA abutment was developed to create implant-retained restorations with ideal contours, excellent esthetics, and minimal vertical space requirements for restorative materials. A major drawback of this abutment is that casting inaccuracies in the lost-wax process are difficult to control. This article describes a method of refining cast implant-retained restorations by use of electrical discharge machining.
Dental Abutments↗
Anterior mandibular subapical osteotomy: a useful treatment for patients with severely worn mandibular anterior teeth.
Rehabilitation of patients with severe dental wear is a complex diagnostic and restorative problem. As wear occurs, space for restorative materials is lost, and unique treatment techniques are needed to provide good esthetics and function. Use of orthognathic surgery to reposition mandibular anterior teeth and supporting alveolar bone can create a more ideal environment for restorative procedures.
Alveolectomy↗
A rationale for management of the dentogingival junction.
The proper placement of cervical margins is a difficult and demanding procedure. The use of a sulcular landmark can be a useful guide for correct tooth preparation.
Crowns↗
Management of root-amputated maxillary molar teeth: periodontal and prosthetic considerations.
Recent studies have shown that maxillary molar teeth with furcation involvement can be retained for many years in a state of health. Removal of one or more roots may be required to create a morphology that can be maintained. Proper treatment planning is essential for long-term success. The indications for root amputation and surgical technique are described. Esthetic restorative procedures are illustrated.
Denture Design↗
The synthesis of 2-(functionalized methyl)-1 beta-methylcarbapenems.
The synthesis of 1 beta-methylcarbapenems having a ROCH2 substituent at the 2-position is described. Their in vitro antibacterial activity and DHP-I susceptibilities are presented.
Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
An outbreak of type E botulism among common loons (Gavia immer) in Michigan's upper peninsula.
An epizootic of type E botulism (Clostridium botulinum) occurred among common loons (Gavia immer) along the Lake Michigan shore of Michigan's Upper Peninsula (USA) during October and November 1983. An estimated 592 dead loons washed ashore along the Garden Peninsula. Type E botulinal toxin was demonstrated in blood samples and stomach contents of dead loons, and in samples of three species of dead fish found on the Lake Michigan shore. We suspect that loons acquired botulism by ingesting sick or dead fish containing type E toxin.
Animals↗
Construction of large cranial implants.
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Humans↗
The hemisected mandibular molar: a strategic abutment.
The loss of a strategic distal abutment can result in the patient wearing a removable partial denture. The indications and techniques necessary to retain a hemisected mandibular molar as a fixed partial denture abutment are presented.
Crowns↗