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Biomedical subjects

S Maehlum

Publications and source records attributed to S Maehlum.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1999

Supplement use and nutritional habits in Norwegian elite athletes.

The purpose of this study was to examine nutritional and supplemental habits among international alpine- and cross-country skiers and power sport athletes in Norway. Data from all the athletes of the National alpine skiing team (ALP; n = 33, 19 men and 14 women) and the National cross-country skiing team (CRO; n = 34, 17 men and 17 women) plus a mixed group of power sport athletes (POW: n = 33, all men) from the National teams of boxers, weightlifters and track and field athletes, were collected through a semi-structured interview during their annual medical examination. Twenty percent of all the athletes reported unsatisfactory nutritional habits (CRO 6%, ALP 27% and POW 27%; CRO vs. ALP/POW P < 0.05). Eight-four percent used one or more micronutrient supplement (ALP 70%, POW 88%, CRO 95%; ALP vs. CRO/POW P < 0.01). Power sport athletes had the most frequent use of supplemental creatine (45%), proteins/amino acids (30%), vitamins (88%) and minerals (82%), and CRO had the most frequent intake of iron (94%), vitamin C (88%) and fish oils (91%). Among ALP, only 7% of the female athletes supplemented iron regularly compared to 37% of male ALP (P < 0.05) Overall, male athletes supplemented mostly on a regular basis and female athletes more on an occasional basis. The results show that in spite of differences between sport groups, many elite athletes report unsatisfactory nutritional habits. Micronutrient supplementation was prevalent, but varied between both groups of sports and gender.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

A prospective cohort study of anterior cruciate ligament injuries in elite Norwegian team handball.

The purpose of this study was to examine gender differences in the incidence of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries in a population of high-level team handball players. We also wanted to examine injury mechanisms and possible risk factors for ACL injuries, including menstrual status. The study was done prospectively during the 1993-94, 1994-95, and 1995-96 seasons. We found 28 ACL injuries, 23 among women (incidence: 0.31 +/- 0.06 injuries per 1000 player hours) and 5 among men (0.06 +/- 0.03 inj./1000 h; P < 0.001 vs women; risk ratio: 5.0). Of the 28 injuries, 24 occurred during competition (0.91 +/- 0.19 inj./1000 h; women: 1.60 +/- 0.35 inj./1000 h; men: 0.23 +/- 0.13 inj./1000 h; P < 0.001 vs. women; risk ratio: 7.0) and 4 during training (0.03 +/- 0.02 inj./1000 h; P < 0.001 vs. competition; risk ratio: 29.9). Nearly all the injuries (n = 25) occurred in non-contact situations when the players performed high-speed plant-and-cut movements which they were well accustomed to. A reliable menstrual history could be obtained in 17 of the 23 cases among females. Five of the injuries occurred in the menstrual phase, 2 in the follicular phase, 1 in the early luteal phase and 9 in the late luteal phase (chi-square3 d.f. = 13.2; P < 0.01). The results suggest that there may be an increased risk of ACL injury during the week prior to or after the start of the menstrual period.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Passive knee extension test to measure hamstring muscle tightness.

The purpose of this study was twofold: (a) to examine the reliability of a test designed to measure tightness of the hamstring muscles, and (b) to assess the pelvic motion during this test. The knee was passively extended by a standardized force, while the hip was stabilized in 120 degrees of flexion. The knee angle was measured with a goniometer and represents the hamstring tightness. Twenty-eight test-retests were performed. The correlation coefficient was found to be 0.99, and the CV was found to be 1%. We used a MacReflex measurement system to assess the associated pelvic motion. Eight measurements were taken, and the median of associated pelvic motion was 4.1 degrees. It is concluded that the passive knee extension test is a simple and reliable method, and the associated pelvic motion is minimal.

Female↗
PubMed1997

Registration of cruciate ligament injuries in Norwegian top level team handball. A prospective study covering two seasons.

All cruciate ligament injuries in the three upper divisions for men and women (3392 players) in Norwegian team handball in the 1989-90 and 1990-91 seasons were registered. A questionnaire was mailed to all injured players. Ninety-three cruciate ligament injuries were registered; 87 in the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL), and six in the posterior cruciate ligament (PCL). Among women, 1.8% were injured compared with 1.0% of the men. In the first division, the risk of being injured was considerably higher: 4.5% of the players had a cruciate ligament injury. There were 0.97 cruciate ligament injuries per 100 playing hours in the three divisions taken together. Seventy-five per cent of the injuries occurred during games. Ninety-five per cent involved no contact between players. Activities in which the friction between shoe and floor was significant caused 55% of the injuries. Injuries caused by running into another player contributed to only 5% of the injuries. No significant differences were observed in injury incidence during matches between different types of floors (parquet, Pulastic and other synthetic surfaces.)

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

[The importance of physical activity in the modern health concept].

Physical activity has increasingly become an integrated part of both the prevention and treatment of many diseases. This approach is based on data from large studies linking either physical activity or physical capacity to the incidence of disease. Furthermore, regular physical activity can influence health indirectly, since people who become physically active also tend to change other health-related habits in a positive direction. The author outlines some specific effects of exercise on certain diseases, and discusses the data indicating how much training is necessary to obtain the desired effects on health.

Exercise↗
PubMed1993

Meal-induced rise in resting energy expenditure in patients with complete cervical spinal cord lesions.

Central activation of the sympathoadrenal system is generally considered to be an essential component of the mechanisms whereby food ingestion stimulates resting energy expenditure. The functional importance of such sympathoadrenal stimulation has been demonstrated primarily in animals. To the extent that central sympathoadrenal stimulation is required for normal human nutrient-induced thermogenesis, this process should be defective in patients with complete cervical spinal cord lesion and severed connection between the central nervous system and the peripheral sympathetic nerves. Consequently, respiratory gas exchange was measured by indirect calorimetry in 9 tetraplegic patients and in 6 healthy individuals. Measurements were performed before and 2 hours after ingestion of a standardised mixed meal (40% of basal 24 h energy requirements). The basal energy expenditure was 64 +/- 4 watts in the tetraplegic patients and 79 +/- 6 watts in the controls. After the meal, energy expenditure increased on average by 17 +/- 2 watts or 26 +/- 3% of the basal values in the patients and by 14 +/- 2 watts or 19 +/- 3% in the healthy controls (NS). The thermic effect of the meal, ie the rise in energy expenditure expressed in percent of the meal's energy content, was 5.5 +/- 0.7% in the patients and 3.8 +/- 0.6% in the controls (NS). Plasma concentrations of noradrenaline were low in the tetraplegic patients (0.3-0.4 nmol/l) compared to the healthy controls (1.1-1.4 nmol/l), p < 0.02. It is concluded that nutrient-induced thermogenesis in tetraplegic patients with low sympathoadrenal activity is not diminished compared to healthy controls. The findings indicate that efferent sympathoadrenal stimulation from the brain is not a causal necessity for nutrient-induced thermogenesis in man.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

[Abbot Vision. An interesting laboratory instrument for small hospitals].

Abbott Vision is a technologically advanced chemistry analyzer developed for decentralized testing. About 30 different tests can be performed using disposable test packs containing wet reagents. The instrument was evaluated in a smaller hospital and (except for potassium) good results were obtained with respect to precision and conformity with results from a referral laboratory. The analyzer is considered to be of special advantage in cases of emergency and when there is no laboratory technician on duty. The cost per analysis is much higher, however, than with conventional techniques.

Chemistry Techniques, Analytical↗
PubMed1990

[Rehabilitation after stroke].

Our hospital's stroke rehabilitation programme has been evaluated through a retrospective study of the record of 183 males (mean age 60 +/- 11 years) and 94 females (mean age 59 +/- 14 years) admitted in 1982/83. 87% of the patients had motoric impairments on admission; 45% had apraxia, 17% neglect, 38% aphasia and 57% other cognitive impairments. Most patients had both motoric and cognitive problems. 79% were able to ambulate freely at discharge as opposed to 55% on admission. 88% were independent in ADL when discharged; 67% on admission. The average length of stay (LOS) was shorter (p less than 0.005) for the males (57 +/- 32 days) than for the females (68 +/- 40 days). LOS was not significantly influenced by the patients' age. 81% of the patients were discharged to their homes. Significantly fewer patients with cognitive impairments were able to return to their homes after rehabilitation than in the case of those without such problems. The presence of aphasia did not significantly affect the rehabilitation outcome. It is concluded that the major obstacles for successful rehabilitation (i.e. back to the patient's home) are the cognitive impairments.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1988

Biochemical changes and endocrine responses in cystic fibrosis in relation to incremental maximal exhaustive exercise.

The purpose of this study was to compare biochemical changes and endocrine responses during an incremental maximal bicycle test in three well-trained 18-year-old patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) and in three healthy controls. Although the blood concentration at rest of the white cell count, haptoglobin, phosphorus, urea, creatinine, and uric acid were somewhat different in the two groups, the CF patients had similar biochemical changes in response to the exercise compared with the healthy men. The endocrine responses to exercise seemed to be different between the two groups with regard to changes in cortisol, growth hormone, and testosterone concentrations. The differences, however, were probably caused by differences in age, training situation, and psychological stress reaction rather than by pathological mechanisms.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

Biochemical changes and endocrine responses in cystic fibrosis in relation to a marathon race.

Biochemical changes and endocrine responses during the New York Marathon (42195 m) were investigated in three 18-year-old male adolescents with cystic fibrosis (CF) and three healthy men who accompanied the CFs during the race. The ambient temperature was 20 degrees-28 degrees C and the relative humidity 98%-75% during the run. The CF patients, who had Shwachman scores of 60, 85 and 95 completed the run without major problems in 6.10, 4.42, and 4.32 h, respectively. Serum concentrations of Na and Cl decreased slightly, but the values were still within normal range. Na and Cl excretions in the urine decreased to very low levels in the CF adolescents during the run. All the other biochemical changes were similar to the changes in the controls. Aldosterone concentration increased to a higher level and maintained this increase for a longer time after the race in the CFs. Testosterone concentration decreased more in the CFs during the race compared with the controls. Growth hormone concentration showed individually varying changes in response to the exercise. This study demonstrates that patients with CF may participate in strenuous prolonged exercise even in humid and hot conditions, without untoward effects. The observed differences in hormonal responses to exercise might be explained by differences in age, training status, and relative exercise intensity rather than by hormonal or other disturbances in CF.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

Fatty acids in cystic fibrosis in response to a marathon race.

Lipid metabolism was studied in three cystic fibrosis (CF) patients (18 years old) and three healthy controls (35-40 years old) who completed the New York Marathon 1984. Lipase was not detectable in plasma from two of the CF patients, but in one CF patient with a functioning pancreas and in the three controls it increased during and after the run. Cholesterol concentrations were lower in all patients than in the controls. The HDL/total cholesterol ratios increased in all runners throughout the observation period, substantially more in the patients than in the controls. Triglycerides and glycerol values were similar in the two groups. The relative distribution of fatty acids in total plasma, plasma free fatty acid fractions, and total red blood cell membranes, at rest, were similar to those earlier reported both for the CF patients with pancreatic insufficiency and for the controls. Lower relative concentrations of linoleic acid (C18:2n6) and higher relative concentrations of C14:0, C16:0, C16:1, C18:3n6, and C20:3n6 were found in the CF specimens. During and after the race, linoleic acid concentration increased and the other fatty acids decreased, giving a more normalized pattern in the patients. The fatty acid pattern of the CF patient with a functioning pancreas behaved more like the healthy controls. The fatty acid pattern of the red cell membrane did not change during or after the run. Although the observations are few, it is encouraging that both the HDL/total cholesterol ratio and the fatty acid pattern improve in response to prolonged aerobic exercise.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

Dopamine and catecholamines in cystic fibrosis in response to a marathon race.

The excretions of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA) metabolites and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) were followed before, during, and after a marathon race in three patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) and three healthy controls. Moderately increased DOPA excretions in CFs compared with controls before, during, and after the race support the idea that there is an altered metabolism of DOPA in CF. Noradrenaline, adrenaline, homovanillic acid, and vanilmandelic acid were increased in CFs compared with controls mainly during and after the race, which might be a reflection of the heavier working intensity that the CF patients had in comparison with their healthy controls. 5-HIAA, the breakdown product of serotonin, was higher in CFs in comparison with controls before and during the run, but equal thereafter. This reflects an ameliorated serotonin metabolism after the run.

Catecholamines↗
PubMed1987

Effect of different post-exercise sugar diets on the rate of muscle glycogen synthesis.

The effect of repeated ingestions of fructose, sucrose, and various amounts of glucose on muscle glycogen synthesis during the first 6 h after exhaustive bicycle exercise was studied. Muscle biopsies for glycogen determination were taken before and after exercise, and every second hour during recovery. Blood samples for plasma glucose and insulin determination were taken before and after exercise, and every hour during recovery. When 0.35 (low glucose: N = 5), 0.70 (medium glucose: N = 5), or 1.40 (high glucose: N = 5) g.kg-1 body weight of glucose were given orally at 0, 2, and 4 h after exercise, the rates of glycogen synthesis were (mean +/- SE) 2.1 +/- 0.5, 5.8 +/- 1.0, and 5.7 +/- 0.9 mmol.kg-1.h-1, respectively. When 0.70 g.kg-1 body weight of sucrose (medium sucrose: N = 5), or fructose (medium fructose: N = 7) was ingested accordingly, the rates were 6.2 +/- 0.5 and 3.2 +/- 0.7 mmol.kg-1.h-1. Average plasma glucose level during recovery were similar in low glucose, medium glucose, and high glucose groups (5.76 +/- 0.24, 6.31 +/- 0.64, and 6.52 +/- 0.24 mM), while average plasma insulin levels were higher with higher glucose intake (16 +/- 1, 21 +/- 3, and 38 +/- 4 microU.ml-1).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Magnitude and duration of excess postexercise oxygen consumption in healthy young subjects.

Postexercise oxygen consumption was investigated in eight healthy subjects. The subjects exercised for about 80 minutes at 70% of their maximum VO2. Following the exercise the subjects rested in bed for 24 hours. Oxygen uptake was measured continuously during the first hour after exercise, then hourly for the next 11 hours, and finally at 24 hours after exercise. Heart rate and rectal temperature were recorded continuously during the first 12 hours and then at 24 hours after exercise. Blood was sampled hourly after exercise. The results were compared with those of an identical control experiment in which the subjects rested instead of exercising. Oxygen uptake of each time point in each subject was greater after exercise compared with the control experiment. Mean total oxygen consumption after exercise was 211 +/- 16 L/12 h as compared to 185 +/- 13 L/12 h in the control experiment (P less than 0.001). Also, the heart rate was higher during the first 12 hours following exercise than in the control study. No significant differences were observed in rectal temperature in the two experiments after the initial 30 minutes following exercise. The first meal taken after the cessation of exercise increased markedly the rate of oxygen consumption in comparison to the increase observed following the same meal in the control experiment. The respiratory exchange ratios were lower following exercise than in the control study. In conclusion, we have demonstrated that the excess postexercise oxygen consumption (EPOC), may persist for at least 12 hours, and possibly for 24 hours. Also, exercise caused enhancement of the stimulation in oxygen uptake seen after a meal.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Excess post-exercise oxygen consumption. A short review.

Exercise is known to produce an increase in oxygen consumption in the resting post-exercise state. This increase is known as the excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC). A short review of the literature regarding the magnitude, duration, mechanisms and clinical significance of EPOC is given. It is concluded that a significant contribution of the total oxygen requirement of exercise results from an increase in post-exercise oxygen consumption.

Energy Metabolism↗
PubMed1984

Acute sports injuries in Oslo: a one-year study.

All sport injuries treated at the Emergency Department, Ullevål Hospital in Oslo (OKL) were registered for one year. They accounted for 6.3% of the total number of patients treated at OKL in that period. 4673 patients were seen; 3292 males and 1381 females. The women were younger than the men, 55% were below 20 years of age; 41% of the males (p less than 0.05). Most of the men (64%) were injured in connection with competitive sports, but 52% of the women sustained their injury pursuing recreational sports. Football and skiing accounted for 49% of the total number of injuries. In males football caused most injuries--35%. In females handball accounted for most injuries--18%. Nearly 3/4 of the injuries affected the extremities; the most common injury being the ankle sprain (16%). Almost 1/4 of the patients had a fracture, and 218 patients (4.7%) were admitted to hospital, the rest being treated as outpatients. In all, the sports injuries required 7658 consultations.

Acute Disease↗