PubMed HealthSearch

Biomedical subjects

S Morris

Publications and source records attributed to S Morris.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

What kind of people want to become dentists? General Dental Council Recruitment Working Party survey of first year undergraduate dental students.

Above all, the survey has provided a clear, if complex, description of the population of first year dental students: who they are and where they have come from; why they are doing the course and what they want to achieve from it. A number of specific conclusions about recruitment gaps can be drawn from the information received from the survey, namely: i) Girls at mixed-sex schools are apparently less likely to enter dentistry than their counterparts at all-girls' schools. This, however, is part of a much wider issue which encompasses the question of science versus arts choices amongst male and female pupils. ii) Some dental schools have a very high concentration of students whose home is the local region. Wider national publicity for these schools could be attempted. iii) In East Anglia, the East Midlands, Yorkshire and Humberside and the West Midlands, the number of qualified school leavers who become dental students is below average. iv) Family dentists and orthodontists are in a very strong position to encourage interested patients to enter the profession beginning at an early age, and with guidance could encourage these children towards additional sources of information and advice, such as the General Dental Council, which at the moment appear to be under-used. v) The information on dentistry provided by most careers advisers could be improved. In particular, careers teachers and form teachers/tutors are a widely contacted source of guidance but the information they were able to provide was not rated highly. University open days and residential courses are successful and might be used further.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adolescent

An evaluation of the TEAMWORK programme.

The TEAMWORK training programme for DSAs is being used extensively, by experienced staff updating their skills even more than by new recruits. Practitioners are actively involved in the programme and are supporting its use, but there is little awareness of local courses to back up the training being provided. However, specific needs have been identified and could be built upon. Overall, the programme is rated very highly by both training supervisors and trainees, and most practices would use it again.

Dental Assistants

Rate-corrected mean velocity of fiber shortening-stress at peak systole as a load-independent measure of contractility.

The relation of mean velocity of fiber shortening-stress at end-systole is a good load-independent index of left ventricular contractility, but involves simultaneous M-mode echocardiography, carotid tracing and blood pressure determination, which may be impractical in children. As stress at peak systole and end-systole are closely related, this study examined whether the relation of mean velocity of fiber shortening-stress at peak systole could be used as a simpler method of assessing left ventricular contractility in a normal population of children. In addition, the cross-sectional normal range for a pediatric population was obtained. In 25 normal children aged 4 to 17 years (mean age 11), rate-corrected mean velocity of fiber shortening (MVCFc), stress at peak systole (sigma PS), and end-systolic stress (sigma ES) were determined using echocardiography, carotid pulse tracing and blood pressure measurement. Six patients with cardiomyopathy (mean age 8 years) were also studied. The relation of stress at peak systole and end-systolic stress was sigma PS = 1.004 sigma ES + 12.0 (r = 0.91, SEE = 4.98; p less than 0.001) for the normal group, and sigma PS = 1.083 sigma ES + 7.7 (r = 0.99, SEE = 4.07; p less than .001) for the cardiomyopathic group. This slope of the regression line was slightly higher and the difference was statistically significant. The slope of MVCFc = 0.0066 sigma PS + 1.55 (SEE = 0.131, r = -0.52) was nearly identical to that of MVCFc = 0.0065 sigma ES + 1.46, (SEE = 0.135, r = -0.46), with no difference in the regression coefficients.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adolescent

Mutation in codon 713 of the beta amyloid precursor protein gene presenting with schizophrenia.

Following reports of mutations of codon 717 in exon 17 of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) gene in early-onset familial Alzheimer's disease, we screened exon 17 for new mutations in presenile dementia. The majority of the 105 patients screened had definite or probable Alzheimer's disease, but we also included atypical cases and some chronic schizophrenics. We identified a single abnormal case--a chronic schizophrenic with cognitive defects. Sequencing revealed a C to T nucleotide substitution which produces an alanine to valine change at codon 713. We were unable to detect the mutation in the remaining members of the original cohort nor in a further 100 chronic schizophrenics and 100 non-demented controls. Nonetheless, the position of the mutation in a critical portion of the APP gene suggests that it may well prove to be pathogenic.

Amino Acid Sequence

Endorphin mediation of mesenteric blood flow after endotoxemia in sheep.

BACKGROUND AND METHODS: The administration of endotoxin in small dosages to sheep results in an acute decrease followed by an increase in cardiac output. It has previously been determined that the initial decrease in output was the result of a reduction in blood flow to the mesenteric areas. These changes were associated with increased blood concentrations of beta endorphin. The present study was accomplished to determine if the systemic cardiovascular response to endotoxin could be affected by the administration of an opiate receptor-blocking agent. Female range sheep (n = 12) were prepared for chronic study by implantation of cardiopulmonary catheters and a flow probe on the cephalic mesenteric artery. Endotoxin (Escherichia coli, 1 microgram/kg) was administered to these animals. Half of the sheep were treated with naloxone (2 mg/kg + 2 mg/kg.hr), and the remainder with an equivalent volume of sodium chloride (0.9%). RESULTS: In untreated sheep, cardiac indices decreased by 15% to 20% (5.1 +/- 0.1 to 4.2 +/- 0.4 L/min.m2) between 0 and 1 hr and 2 and 5 hrs after endotoxin (4.5 +/- 0.2 L/min.m2), and then increased to a value 40% (7.2 +/- 0.6 L/min.m2) above baseline by 12 hrs. Flow in the cephalic mesenteric artery decreased in a pattern similar to the reduction in cardiac index (962 +/- 152 [time, T = 0] to 379 +/- 111 [T = 0.8] and 384 +/- 88 mL/min [T = 4.0], p less than .05) but did not increase to the same extent (1008 +/- 153 mL/min [T = 4.0], p greater than .05). There was a concomitant increase in the plasma beta-endorphin concentrations as the blood flow decreased (5 +/- 4 [T = 0] to 40 +/- 15 pg/mL [T = 0.8; untreated group], p less than .05; and 10 +/- 4 to 50 +/- 7 pg/mL [T = 0.8; naloxone-treated group], p less than .05). In the naloxone-treated group, the same pattern of cardiac output change was noted with endotoxin; however, reduction of mesenteric artery flow was only 30% (1118 +/- 129 to 908 +/- 122 mL/min, p less than .05) of the value seen in the untreated animals (962 +/- 152 to 379 +/- 111 mL/min, p less than .05). These changes in mesenteric blood flow were statistically significant from one another. As the cardiac output increased in the sheep treated with the opiate antagonist, mesenteric blood flows increased 20% above the baseline value (1391 +/- 199 mL/min, p less than .05). CONCLUSIONS: The decrease in cardiac output noted with endotoxin can be accounted for by the decrease in the blood flow in the cephalic mesenteric artery. This phenomenon can be attributed, at least in part, to the release of endorphins. There is both a vasodilation and constriction during endotoxemia in the ovine model.

Animals

Seasonal allergic rhinitis and its effects on eustachian tube function and middle ear pressure.

Middle ear pressure was recorded from 396 ears and aural symptoms inquired of 198 adult subjects with seasonal allergic rhinitis. Evidence of eustachian tube dysfunction was found in 24% of subjects. Increased duration of exposure to pollen over a further 2 weeks increased the incidence of eustachian tube dysfunction to 48%. The development of eustachian tube dysfunction did not correlate with the severity of nasal symptoms.

Adolescent

Lack of effect of codeine in the treatment of cough associated with acute upper respiratory tract infection.

Codeine is often used as a standard antitussive against which new antitussives are compared. However there is little information available about the effects of codeine on cough associated with upper respiratory tract infection. The present study investigated the effects of codeine syrup B.P. (30 mg/10 ml, q.d.s.) or syrup vehicle on cough frequency and the subjective severity of cough during a 3-h laboratory phase and a 4-day home phase of treatment. Cough frequency and subjective scores of cough severity were significantly decreased during the 3-h laboratory phase but at no time point was there a significant difference between the codeine- and placebo-treated groups. The results of the 4-day home phase diary were similar to those of the laboratory phase as at no time point was there a significant difference between the mean scores for the codeine- and placebo-treated groups. The results indicate that codeine, either as a single 30-mg dose or in a total daily dose of 120 mg, is no more effective than the syrup vehicle in controlling cough associated with acute upper respiratory tract infection.

Acute Disease

What are the benefits of routine breast cancer follow-up?

The value of follow-up after potentially curative treatment of breast cancer remains controversial. Recurrence-free women (n = 402) attending a breast clinic over a 3 month period were studied. The women attended 423 appointments, 412 of which were routine. Eleven were requested by the patient or general practitioner (interval appointments). All 11 interval and 19 of the routine appointments resulted in investigations for possible recurrence. Three (27%) interval appointments and four (1%) routine appointments resulted in the diagnosis of a recurrence (P < 10(-5). The attitudes of 285 patients to follow-up were investigated by questionnaire. Two hundred and twenty-three (78%) questionnaires were completed. Regular follow-up in the breast clinic was preferred to attendance only when symptomatic by 190 (85%) women and 169 (76%) preferred regular breast clinic visits to general practitioner follow-up. Most women (n = 174) (81%) said they felt reassured and less anxious having attended the breast clinic. Routine follow-up after potentially curative treatment of breast cancer is inefficient in the detection of recurrence. It is, however, highly rated for providing reassurance and reducing anxiety. Reassurance rather than detection of recurrence may be the most important function of the breast cancer follow-up clinic.

Adult

Relationships between vital capacity, height and nasal airway resistance in asymptomatic volunteers.

Nasal airway resistance (NAR), vital capacity and height were measured in 76 asymptomatic volunteers aged between 18 and 71, mean age 28 +/- 1.4 years. Total NAR ranged from 0.15-0.39 Pa/cm3/s, with a mean total NAR of 0.23 +/- 0.006 Pa/cm3/s. Despite a good correlation between vital capacity and height in these subjects (r = 0.76) no relationships were found between either total NAR and vital capacity or total NAR and height. Physiological NAR is not related to vital capacity or height in normal healthy individuals.

Adult

Scalp as a donor site for grafts to facial and neck burns in children.

In facial and neck burns, attention to cosmetic details, in addition to preservation of function, is crucial. The authors describe use of the scalp as a graft donor site for such burns. The advantages include excellent colour match of the graft and minimal morbidity at the donor site. The technique for graft harvest is outlined, and the potential pitfalls are described. Based on their experience with this technique, the authors believe the scalp should be considered as a donor graft site during the acute phase of facial and neck burns.

Burns

Chemical and electrochemical reduction rates of cyclic nitroxides (nitroxyls).

The reduction rates of five-membered pyrrolidine and pyrroline, and six-membered piperidine nitroxides (alternatively termed nitroxyls) containing various substituents were determined under homogeneous conditions using ascorbate, and electrochemically under heterogeneous conditions. The results were compared with data from the literature. It was shown that the increased rates of reduction of six-membered nitroxides, compared with those of the five-membered nitroxides, cannot be explained on the basis of differences in electrochemical potentials but, rather, can be ascribed to differences in the accessibility of the nitroxide group. A double bond in the five-membered nitroxyls increases the reduction rate. Within any ring system, the reduction rates of nitroxides using ascorbate can be correlated with the inductive substituent constants. The half-way potentials for electrochemical reduction within a series of nitroxides based on the same ring correlate with logarithms of the rates using ascorbate and with the inductive constants. The potentials for one-electron oxidation of the nitroxides were related to the inductive constants.

Ascorbic Acid

Prevention of selenite cataract by vitamin C.

Studies have been conducted to determine the efficacy of vitamin C in the prevention of cataracts induced by selenite. Administration of the latter to rat pups results in the development of advanced cataracts within 5 days. Treatment with ascorbate had a significant preventive effect. The observations indicate that selenite cataract is due to an oxidative stress to the lens. In addition, the findings are in conformity with our view that ascorbate functions as an anticataractogenic substance.

3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine

A survey of nosocomial respiratory viral infections in a children's hospital: occult respiratory infection in patients admitted during an epidemic season.

OBJECTIVE: To define the extent of shedding of respiratory viruses and Mycoplasma pneumoniae among a population of pediatric patients admitted to the hospital during a winter epidemic period and to identify nosocomial infections within this population. DESIGN: An open, prospective survey of patients admitted to three wards (General Medical, Respiratory Infectious, and Infectious Diseases) of a pediatric hospital during a defined three-month period. PATIENTS: All patients with medical, respiratory, and infectious conditions admitted to three wards of the Adelaide Children's Hospital had nasopharyngeal aspirations performed at the time of admission with the purpose of documenting viral and M pneumoniae shedding. Patients were monitored daily for the development of symptoms of respiratory infection or new symptoms of respiratory disease. Such patients underwent a further nasopharyngeal aspiration for the purpose of diagnosing hospital-acquired infection. RESULTS: Nasopharyngeal aspirations were obtained from 601 patients. Forty-seven percent of asymptomatic patients were positive for a respiratory virus or M pneumoniae, and 61% of patients with respiratory symptoms were also positive. Gastroenteritis patients shed viruses in 66% of cases. Respiratory symptoms were initially overlooked by admitting physicians but subsequently identified in 110 cases, and 46% of these were found to be positive for a respiratory virus or M pneumoniae. There were 18 possible hospital acquired infections among the 293 initially virus-negative patients. Multiple isolates were obtained from a substantial number of patients, especially those with respiratory symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: A substantial proportion of all patients admitted to a pediatric hospital during winter represent a potential source of infection, and strict infection control measures should be enacted to limit the spread of these infections.

Australia

The rectus femoris myocutaneous flap for closure of difficult wounds of the abdomen, groin, and trochanteric areas.

The rectus femoris myocutaneous flap has proved to be an effective means of closing particularly difficult wounds in 2 patients. One patients had a massive defect in the lower abdomen, pubic, and right groin area after the radical resection of a recurrent pleomorphic liposarcoma of the spermatic cord. The second patient presented with a huge, right greater trochanteric wound measuring 15 cm in diameter. Both patients progressed to relatively uneventful primary healing.

Adult

Surgical augmentation of skin blood flow and viability in a pig musculocutaneous flap model.

A porcine rectus abdominis musculocutaneous (TRAM) flap model was designed and validated in nine pigs. This TRAM flap was based on the deep inferior epigastric (DIE) vessels with an 8 x 18 cm transverse skin paddle at the superior end of the rectus abdominis muscle. The model was subsequently used to test our hypothesis of surgical augmentation of flap viability by vascular territory expansion. Specifically, we observed that ligation of the superior epigastric (SE) vessels at 4, 7, 14, and 28 days (N = 6 to 8) prior to raising the TRAM flaps significantly increased (p less than 0.05) the length and area of the viable skin in the transverse skin paddles of the treatment flaps compared with the contralateral shammanipulated control flaps. This significant increase in skin viability was seen to be accompanied by a significant increase (p less than 0.05) in skin and muscle capillary blood flow in the treatment TRAM flaps compared with the controls (N = 9). The mechanism of vascular territory expansion is unclear. We postulate that hypoxia resulting from the ligation of the superior epigastric vessels prior to the flap surgery may play a role in the triggering of the deep inferior epigastric artery to take over some of the territory previously perfused by the superior epigastric artery. This would then increase the skin and muscle capillary blood flow in the transverse paddle when the TRAM flap was raised on the deep inferior epigastric vascular pedicle.

Animals

The effects of menthol on reaction time and nasal sensation of airflow in subjects suffering from the common cold.

The effects of sucking a lozenge containing 11 mg L-menthol on reaction time and nasal sensation were investigated in a double blind trial on 60 subjects suffering from the common cold. Reaction time was determined by measuring the response time to a stimulus presented on a microcomputer screen and nasal sensation was scored on a visual analogue scale. Menthol ingestion compared to placebo caused a significant increase in nasal sensation of airflow which persisted for up to 30 min. The simple and choice reaction times measured before ingestion of the lozenge were similar to those found in healthy uninfected subjects and there was no change in reaction time after ingestion of menthol.

Adolescent