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Biomedical subjects

S Murdoch

Publications and source records attributed to S Murdoch.

16 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1995

Nutritional supplementation during the preschool years and physical work capacity in adolescent and young adult Guatemalans.

A follow-up study (1988-89) was carried out in 364 rural Guatemalans, 11-27 y of age, who earlier had participated in a nutritional supplementation experiment. Among its objectives was the assessment of the long-term effects of the nutrition intervention on physical work capacity. Subjects and their mothers from two villages had available a high-energy, high-protein supplement (Atole: 163 kcal/682 kJ and 6.4 g protein per serving or 180 mL), whereas in two other villages a low-energy, no-protein supplement (Fresco: 59 kcal/247 kJ per 180 mL) was provided. Consumption was ad libitum. Maximum oxygen consumption (VO2max) at follow-up was significantly greater in Atole compared with Fresco subjects of both sexes. In subjects 14-19 y, exposed to supplementation throughout gestation and the first 3 y of life, Atole males had a significantly higher VO2max (2.62 L/min) than Fresco males (2.24 L/min), the differences remaining significant even after controlling for body weight and fat-free mass; also, there was a significant positive relationship between amount of supplement consumed and VO2max. The supplementation effect in females of similar age was not statistically significant. It is concluded that early nutritional improvements can have long-lasting effects on physical performance.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Early nutritional supplementation and skeletal maturation in Guatemalan adolescents.

The effect of early childhood nutritional supplementation on skeletal maturation at adolescence was investigated in 663 rural Guatemalans, aged 11-18 y. Skeletal maturation was assessed by the Tanner-Whitehouse-2 method. The subjects were former participants in the Institute of Nutrition of Central America and Panama longitudinal study of growth and development (1969-77) residing in four villages (two large and two small) in eastern Guatemala. The villages were randomized within pairs to receive either a high energy, high protein supplement (Atole) or a low energy supplement with no protein (Fresco). Skeletal maturity was observed across all villages to be delayed significantly relative to a British reference for boys < 14 y of age, but not for older boys or for girls < 14 y of age. Delays in girls > 14 years could not be determined reliably because many had reached maturity. Girls < 14 years from Atole villages were more advanced in skeletal maturity than similar age girls from Fresco villages but these differences were found only in comparisons of the large villages. The relationship between early nutrition and biological maturation at adolescence may be obscured in this sample by the advanced age at which the subjects were examined in adolescence.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

The effects of diet and insulin therapy on coagulation factor VII, blood viscosity, and platelet release proteins in diabetic patients with secondary sulphonylurea failure.

The effect of intensified dietary measures and subsequently insulin therapy upon haemorheological measures were studied in Type 2 diabetic patients with secondary sulphonylurea failure. Coagulation factors VIIc and VIIIc, fibrinogen, plasma viscosity, whole blood viscosity, beta-thromboglobulin, platelet factor 4, von Willebrand factor, and euglobulin clot lysis time were measured at baseline, after 3 months intensified dietary therapy and after 4 months insulin therapy. During intensified dietary therapy there was a significant fall in serum cholesterol (p less than 0.05) and a small decrease in weight, but no significant change in blood glucose control. Factor VIIc levels fell significantly (1.22 (SE 0.07) vs 1.42 (0.08) u ml-1, p less than 0.01), and plasma viscosity and whole blood viscosity (23 s-1) also improved (both p less than 0.05). Insulin therapy was instituted with either continuous subcutaneous insulin therapy or twice daily injections of soluble and isophane (NPH) insulin. During this period glycosylated haemoglobin improved (mean (SE) 49.5 (1.4) vs 65.0 (2.1) mmol-HMF mol-Hb-1, p less than 0.001; normal range 29-39 mmol-HMF mol-Hb-1) as did serum triglyceride (p less than 0.01), but weight increased (p less than 0.001). The only haemorheological changes with insulin were increased levels of the platelet release proteins beta-thromboglobulin (37 (3) vs 28 (2) micrograms l-1, p less than 0.01) and platelet factor 4 (median 7.5 (range 3.0-18.0) vs 4.5 (2.0-10.5) micrograms l-1, p less than 0.01).

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Epidermal growth factor (EGF) inhibits the secretomotor response of the thyroid: effects of EGF on radioiodine turnover and fluid transport in cultured porcine thyroid cells.

Thyrotrophin (4-256 microU/ml) promoted an increase in the rate of release of radioiodine from the organic iodine pool of cultured porcine thyroid cells in follicular formations. This action of TSH was antagonized by low concentrations of epidermal growth factor (EGF; 0.1-5 nmol/l). The maximal effect of EGF was reached by 0.5 nmol/l. EGF (0.5-5 nmol/l) also inhibited the stimulatory effect of 8-chloro cyclic AMP (0.06-1.0 nmol/l) on radioiodine turnover. Exposure of thyroid cultures to media with a calcium concentration of 17.7 mumol/l (1% of normal) resulted in a very marked increase in the rate of release of radioiodine. The effect of TSH in low-calcium media was to inhibit the increased release of radioiodine, and EGF (0.5 nmol/l) antagonized this inhibitory effect of TSH. The calcium ionophore, A23187, stimulated radioiodine release in a dose-dependent fashion, and EGF (1.7 nmol/l) inhibited this response. Fluid transport in thyroid monolayers was stimulated by prostaglandin E2 (PGE2; 1 mumol/l). EGF (5 nmol/l) also stimulated fluid transport, but antagonized the effect of PGE2 added subsequently. It was concluded that EGF exerted acute antagonistic effects on thyroid cell responses in vitro to cyclic AMP and agents promoting accumulation of cyclic AMP in time-frames too short for these inhibitory effects to be attributable to the dedifferentiative effect of the growth factor.

8-Bromo Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate↗
PubMed1991

Randomized trial comparing continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion and conventional insulin therapy in type II diabetic patients poorly controlled with sulfonylureas.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the effects of continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) and conventional insulin therapy (CIT) in patients with poorly controlled sulfonylurea-treated diabetes mellitus. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: Twenty-five patients aged 40-65 yr and poorly controlled with sulfonylureas and without severe diabetic complications comprised the study group. Five patients left the study (3 achieved satisfactory glycemic control without insulin, 1 defaulted, 1 developed ketonuria). Ten patients were treated with CSII and 10 with CIT. Outpatient treatment consisted of CIT (twice-daily injections of regular and NPH insulin) or CSII (basal infusion and prandial boluses of regular insulin). RESULTS: Glycosylated hemoglobin improved with both methods of insulin delivery (P less than 0.01), but 8 of 10 CSII-treated patients achieved satisfactory glycemic control (HbA1 less than 50 mmol hydroxymethylfurfural/mol Hb), whereas only 3 of 10 CIT-treated patients achieved this (P less than 0.05). Weight gain, insulin dosage, and prevalence of hypoglycemia were similar in the two groups. Retinal deterioration occurred in one CSII-treated patient and three CIT-treated patients, but there were no episodes of infusion site infection or metabolic decompensation. Patients' satisfaction with treatment improved during insulin therapy (P less than 0.02), and significant changes in beliefs about diabetes and its treatment were observed in CSII-treated patients (P less than 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Glycemic control improved with both methods of insulin treated patients achieved satisfactory glycemic control (HbA1 less than 50 mmol hydroxymethylfurfural/mol Hb), whereas only 3 of 10 CIT-treated patients achieved this CSII. Patients' satisfaction with treatment improved during insulin therapy.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

The function of human intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) in the generation of an immune response.

Monoclonal antibody RR 1/1 directed against the putative LFA-1 ligand molecule intracellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) was found to inhibit the T cell proliferative response to the antigen PPD. Interestingly, the percentage of unstimulated monocytes which expressed ICAM-1 on their surface appeared to vary greatly from person to person although the majority of monocytes did express high levels of ICAM-1 within their cytoplasm and surface expression could be rapidly induced on most cells by adherence to fibronectin. Resting T cells showed no evidence of surface or cytoplasmic ICAM-1 although expression was induced both within the cell and on the membrane as a result of activation with phytohemagglutinin or a combination of OKT3 and phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate. The significance of these findings with respect to the function of monocyte and T cell in the generation of an immune response is discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

The human mononuclear phagocyte high-affinity Fc receptor, FcRI, defined by a monoclonal antibody, 10.1.

The properties of the mononuclear phagocyte (Mph) high-affinity Fc receptor, FcRI, were investigated using a novel monoclonal antibody (mAb) designated 10.1. This receptor was shown to be a protein of 71 kDa, presented chiefly on monocytes and the myeloid cell lines U937 and HL60. mAb 10.1 inhibited the binding to Mph of erythrocytes opsonized with rabbit IgG or human IgG3. It also blocked T cell proliferation induced by murine CD3 mAb of the IgG2a but not the IgG1 subclass. These results suggest that rabbit IgG, human IgG3 and murine IgG2a all bind to FcRI in a similar manner and that mAb 10.1 reacts with an epitope on FcRI near to the binding site for the Fc region of IgG. In addition, although it is well known that FcRI has a high affinity for both monomeric human IgG1 and IgG3, we show in this study that while erythrocytes opsonized with human IgG3 bind to Mph, equivalent cells opsonized with IgG1 surprisingly do not. These results define further the nature of the constraints on the interaction between Mph FcRI and particular IgGs.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Changes in the triacylglycerol content of mitochondrial membranes during development.

The lipid content of mitochondria and mitochondrial membranes isolated from foetal, suckling, and adult rat liver mitochondria were compared. In foetal liver mitochondria triacylglycerol made up 26% of the lipids, while in adult rat liver mitochondria the triacylglycerol content was 7%. Esterified fatty acids originating from non-phospholipid sources amounted to 34% in mitochondrial membranes, and this amount decreased in mitochondrial membranes of adult rat liver to 22%. The concentration of phospholipids in the mitochondrial membranes did not change significantly during development.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1981

Radioimmunoassay of prostaglandin F2 alpha using sephadex G-75 gel chromatography.

The development of a "bound-free" separation technique and its application to the radioimmunoassay of prostaglandin F2 alpha is described. The method is simple, rapid, free of non-specific binding and could be performed either at 4 degrees C C or at room temperature. A total of 100 tubes could be subjected to "bound-free" separation in 30 min at 4 degrees C. The bound fraction is collected directly into scintillation vials. The total column length was 9.5 cm, of which the bed volume was 2.5 ml. The PGF2 alpha radioimmunoassay incubation volume of 0.3 ml when bedded in required 1.4 ml of elution buffer to elute the antibody-bound fraction. The free fraction was washed out with 4.0 ml of buffer and the columns were ready for further use. A standard curve of high sensitivity (5 pg) and good reproducibility (CV%: intra-assay = 6.54; inter-assay = 9.68) was obtained.

Antigen-Antibody Complex↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Hazards in hoists.

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Baths↗