Biomedical subjects
Publications and source records attributed to S Nachbaur.
Estimated are the origin areas of the cricopharyngeal part of the constrictor pharyngis inferior muscle, of the longitudinal fibre system of the oesophagus, the cricopharyngeal ligament and the upper border of the circular fibres of the oesophagus. Measured were also the border of the oesophagus which is to be seen sidewards of the trachea. The results of the preparations and measurements are discussed with investigations of earlier researchers.
Length, diameter and anastomoses of the nervus vagus and its ganglion inferius were measured 44 halved heads. On the average, 8.65 fiber bundles of the vagus nerve leave the retro-olivary area. In the area of the jugular foramen is the near superior ganglion of the 10th cranial nerve. In this area were found 1.48 (mean value) anastomoses with the 9th cranial nerve. 11.34 mm below the margo terminalis sigmoidea branches off the ramus internus of the accessory nerve which has a length of 9.75 mm. Further anastomoses with the 10th cranial nerve were found. The inferior ganglion of the 10th nerve had a length of 25.47 mm and a diameter of 3.46 mm. Five mm below the ganglion the 10th nerve had a width of 2.9 and a thickness of 1.5 mm. The mean length of the superior sympathetic ganglion was 26.6 mm, its width 7.2 and its thickness 3.4 mm. In nearly all specimens anastomoses of the superior sympathetic ganglion with the ansa cervicalis profunda and the inferior ganglion of the 10th cranial nerve were found. The superior laryngeal nerve branches off about 36 mm below the margo terminalis sigmoidea. The width of this nerve was 1.9 mm, its thickness 0.8 mm on the right and 1.0 mm on the left side. The division in the internal and external rami was found about 21 mm below its origin. Between the n. vagus and thyreohyoid membrane the ramus internus had a length of 64 mm, the length of external ramus between the vagal nerve and the inferior pharyngeal constrictor muscle was 89 mm. Its mean length below the thyreopharyngeal part was 10.7 mm, 8.6 branchlets to the cricothyroid muscle were counted. The superior laryngeal artery had its origin in 80% of cases in the superior thyroideal artery, in 6.8% this vessel was a branch of the external carotid artery. Its average outer diameter was 1.23 mm on the right side and 1.39 mm on the left. The length of this vessel between its origin and the thyreohyoid membrane was 34 mm. In 7% on the right side and in 13% on the left, the superior laryngeal artery reached the larynx through a foramen thyreoideum. Ranges of diameters and lengths of vessels and nerves in the larynx are given.
Measurements have been given of the mm. cricothyreoideus, thyreohyoideus and inferior pharyngeal constrictor muscle. Also measured were the circumferences of these muscles for estimating their potential force. The course of the superior laryngeal nerve, external branch to the thyreopharyngeal muscle and the twigs of the nerve were examined.
The inner muscles of the larynx have been dissected and its length values and circumferences were measured. The potential force of the posterior cricothyroid muscle was estimated with 26,65 N of the arytenoid muscles with 17,24 N, and for the lateral crico-arytenoid and thyreoarytenoid external muscles with 26,56 N. The development and the functions of the muscles are discussed.
Length, width, and thickness of the recurrent laryngeal nerve and its extra-laryngeal twigs were estimated. Included is the course of the nerve to the suspensory ligament of the thyroid gland, to the inferior horn of the thyroid cartilage and to trachea and esophagus. The origin of the inferior thyroid artery, its width and course to the twigs of the recurrent laryngeal nerve were studied. The origin zone of the inferior laryngeal artery is also described. The different terms and opinions about the twigs of the truncus thyreocervicalis and the thyroid axis are discussed.
The recurrent laryngeal nerve divides in the most cases outside of the larynx into 2 twigs. The thicker ventral branch has a posterior and an anterior twig. From the posterior one, we counted 6.22 (1 to 12) branches to the posterior cricoarytenoid muscle and 1.48 (1 to 3) to the arytenoid muscle. From the anterior branch 3.54 (1 to 6) twigs run to the lateral cricoarytenoid muscle and 2.06 (1 to 5) to the thyreo-arytenoid muscle. An Ansa GALENI was found in 66%. Its diameter was cranial greater than caudal, its length was measured with 73.6 (56 to 96) mm. A single anastomose was found in 54%, and in 12% numerous variations. We found 8.5 (3 to 13) thicker twigs, which divided themselves in 17 thinner twigs. To the mucous membrane we found 78.5% and to muscles 21.5%. In cases without anastomoses, 3.5 (2 to 5) twigs were running to muscles and 13.4 (1 to 25) to the mucous membrane. The diameter and length of the twigs and their course to muscles and mucous membrane have been estimated. The results are discussed with those of earlier authors.
Different measurements of the height and oblique landmarks are given. There are included the shape of the tubercula and the distances to landmarks and the cornua. On the cricoid cartilage, there are measured the height of arcus and lamina and its antero-posterior length, also the distances to the inferior horn, the inferior tubercle, and the inferior-anterior border of the thyroid cartilage.