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Biomedical subjects

S Nadkarni

Publications and source records attributed to S Nadkarni.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2001

Herniography: a prospective, randomized study between midline and left iliac fossa puncture techniques.

AIM: To determine whether an optimal site of injection exists for herniography. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This was a prospective, randomized study of 93 consecutive patients who were referred for herniography over a period of 9 months. Patients underwent either a left iliac fossa (LIF) or midline puncture. Parameters assessed included initial adequate needle placement, complications, pain scores and body mass index (BMI). The groups were compared using Chi-squared test for categorical data, Student's t-test for continuous data and the Mann-WhitneyU-test for skewed data, withP < 0.05 considered statistically significant RESULTS: Four complications were encountered (4%), and these were equally distributed between the two groups. Adequate initial positioning of the needle was similar in both groups. The volume of local anaesthetic used was correlated with discomfort using a pain scale: a volume of >6 ml resulted in significantly more pain. More frequent initial adequate needle placement was observed in thin patients (BMI < 45 kg/m(2)) with experienced operators. Conversely, increased body mass index resulted in more difficult needle placement. CONCLUSION: Herniography is a safe procedure with few complications. There was no significant difference comparing the midline and LIF approaches.Nadkarni, S.et al. (2001). Clinical Radiology56, 389-392.

Anesthetics, Local↗
PubMed1999

Modified Gallie technique versus transarticular screw fixation in C1-C2 fusion.

The effectiveness of a modified Gallie technique versus Magerl and Seeman transarticular screw fixation was compared in the management of 27 patients with symptomatic atlantoaxial instability. Twelve patients were treated using a modified Gallie technique and postoperative halo vest immobilization. Atlantoaxial arthrodesis occurred in seven (58%) patients, stable fibrous union occurred in one patient, and pseudarthrosis with recurrent instability developed in four (33%) patients. Average followup was 6.9 years. All 15 patients treated using Magerl and Seeman transarticular screw fixation and postoperative soft collar immobilization had atlantoaxial arthrodesis develop. Average duration of followup was 4 years. One patient sustained vertebral artery injury during preparation for screw placement. Magerl and Seeman transarticular screw fixation provides stability and more reliably produces atlantoaxial arthrodesis than the Gallie technique provides in patients with atlantoaxial instability without the need for rigid postoperative bracing. Potential for vertebral artery exists despite apparent accurate screw placement. To ensure that safe transarticular screw placement is possible, preoperative fine cut axial computed tomography with reconstructions is required to assess vertebral artery position and C2 isthmus anatomy. A proportion of patients have anatomy unsuitable for screw placement. Traditional wiring techniques are indicated in these patients.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Comparison of the Ames, Randox and Roche methods with the Synermed method for the determination of serum iron concentrations on nondialysis and dialysis specimens.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the Ames, Randox, Roche, and Synermed methods for the measurement of serum iron and to investigate patterns of possibly discrepant results in dialysis patients. METHODS: Assays were performed on the Cobas Fara II analyzer. Precision and accuracy studies were conducted; recovery studies were done by adding pooled serum from dialysis patients to an assayed human serum-based control. Patient comparisons included over 150 nondialysis patients and 30 dialysis patients. RESULTS: For the Ames, Randox, Roche and Synermed methods, the between-run precision was less than 2.80% with the normal aqueous iron standard; 2.00, 2.70, 0.80, and 2.00% for the four methods with the high serum iron control, respectively, and less than 2.30% with the serum pool. Using a pooled serum from dialysis patients, between-run precision was higher with all four methods. With an abnormal assayed human serum-based control, accuracy was over 98% for the four methods. Recoveries were 121% for the Ames and Randox methods and 104-105% for the Roche and Synermed methods. Accuracy as assessed with Murex EQAS specimens ranged from 71 to 80%, 71 to 96%, 98 to 99.5%, and 42 to 50% for the four methods, respectively. For comparisons of the Ames, Randox, and Roche methods with the Synermed method, difference analyses revealed biases (SD) for nondialysis patients of 1.9 (2.7), 1.5 (3.3), and 1.8 (2.2) mumol/L, respectively; and for dialysis patients of 8.2 (13.3), 5.1 (5.4), and 1.4 (1.7) mumol/L. Standard linear regression analyses and correlation coefficients are also provided. CONCLUSIONS: The Roche method was slightly more precise than the other methods. Using an abnormal assayed serum-based control, all methods showed good accuracy. Recovery studies with pooled serum from dialysis patients showed interferences with the Ames and Randox methods and good recovery with the Roche and Synermed methods. With the bovine serum-based Murex samples, all but the Roche method yielded some low results; the Synermed method has been reported to suffer from matrix problems with bovine serum albumin. Based on recovery studies and difference analyses, the Ames and Randox methods revealed discrepancies in iron results for samples from dialysis patients. The Roche and Synermed methods appeared to be suitable for measurement of serum iron in dialysis patients.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Immunofluorometric assay of pepsinogen C and preliminary clinical applications.

We developed mouse monoclonal antibodies (Abs) against pepsinogen C with highly purified antigen isolated from gastric mucosa. The Abs were used to construct a two-site sandwich-type assay for pepsinogen C with time-resolved fluorometry as a detection technique. The assay has a detection limit of 0.1 microgram/L and is precise (within-run and day-to-day CVs < 11%). We used this assay to measure pepsinogen C in seminal plasma, breast cyst fluid, amniotic fluid, male and female serum, serum from patients with prostate cancer, urine, breast tumor cytosolic extracts, breast milk, and cerebrospinal fluid. Highest pepsinogen C concentrations were in seminal plasma, followed by breast cyst fluid and amniotic fluid. We found no correlation between prostate-specific antigen concentrations and concentrations of pepsinogen C in serum of prostate cancer patients, and concluded that this marker is not useful for either diagnosing or monitoring prostatic carcinoma. The availability of a highly sensitive, reliable, and convenient method for quantifying pepsinogen C will allow investigations into the possible diagnostic value of this analyte in various clinical conditions, including benign breast diseases, breast cancer, fertility, and pregnancy.

Amniotic Fluid↗
PubMed1996

Assisted hatching in an in vitro fertilization programme.

Assisted hatching was performed on 37 women (IVF, n = 12; micromanipulation, n = 25), who were at risk of poor implantation after in vitro fertilization and micromanipulation, and who had previous cycles of failed implantation. A total of 292 oocytes was retrieved (7.9 per cycle) of which 90 were subjected to IVF and 202 were micromanipulated. Assisted hatching was performed on day 3 of culture, on six- to eight-cell embryos, by the technique of mechanical partial zona dissection. All the patients undergoing the procedure of assisted hatching had embryos with thick zonae, greater than 15 microns. Assisted hatching was performed on 39 embryos (55.7%) in the IVF group and 104 embryos (77.6%) in the micromanipulation group. The damage rate after hatching was 1.4%. The pregnancy rate per cycle was 50% in the IVF group and 44% in the micromanipulation group, compared with 10% (IVF) and 19.2% (micromanipulation) in the control groups. Assisted hatching, by partial zona dissection, results in significant improvement in pregnancy rates in women more than 38 years of age, who have a thick zona and with previous poor implantation results. This paper reports the first pregnancy in India by the technique of assisted hatching (partial zona dissection).

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Role of antiproteolytic heparin-binding serum protein(s) in modulating the levels of sialyl- and galactosyltransferase activity released during the incubation of rat jejunal slices.

1. Sialyltransferase released into the medium during the incubation of rat jejunal slices in serum-free buffer, was susceptible to proteolytic degradation. Heat inactivated horse serum or its antiproteolytic heparin-binding fraction was found to be necessary in determining the activity of sialyltransferase released (Nadkarni et al., 1991). 2. In the present study, we have shown that heat inactivated rat serum (HRS) or its antiproteolytic heparin-binding fraction (HBF) had a role in determining the sialyltransferase activity released during jejunal slice incubations. 3. Galactosyltransferase was also released during incubations, but was not proteolytically degraded and the presence of HRS or HBF in incubations did not alter the levels of galactosyltransferase activity released. 4. Trypsin activity in serum-free incubation medium was higher compared to medium containing HRS. 5. Addition of serum-free medium obtained from 4 hr incubations of the jejunal slices, to medium obtained from parallel incubations done in the presence of HRS, caused inhibition of sialyl- but not galactosyltransferase activity. 6. In jejunal homogenates stored at -20 degrees C, sialyltransferase activity was decreased during 0-45 days of storage, whereas galactosyltransferase activity remained fairly stable for upto 56 days. 7. Inclusion of HRS or HBF in homogenates resulted in higher sialyl- but not galactosyltransferase activity compared to serum-free homogenate samples. 8. The results suggest that HRS or its antiproteolytic heparin-binding proteins have a role in determining the sialyltransferase activity released from the jejunal slices. In contrast galactosyltransferase released was not susceptible to proteolysis, and HRS or HBF was not required to express its activity.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Heparin-binding serum protein(s) is required for the protection of sialyltransferase released during the incubation of rat jejunal slices.

Incubation of rat jejunal slices in Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate buffer (KRB) required the presence of heat-inactivated horse serum (HHS) in order to show time-dependent release of sialyltransferase into the medium. Sialyltransferase activity could not be detected in the medium when KRB alone or KRB supplemented with either albumin or glycerol was used in the incubations. The viability of the jejunal slices for up to 4 h of incubation was determined by studying the incorporation of glucosamine and leucine into acid-insoluble proteins. Supplementation of KRB with HHS had no beneficial effect on the rate of incorporation of leucine and glucosamine into proteins. KRB medium obtained after different periods of incubation contained higher trypsin-like activity than KRB medium containing HHS. Various antiproteases present as supplements to KRB resulted in the release of sialyltransferase activity from the jejunal slices. Among these antiproteases, alpha 1-proteinase inhibitor (alpha 1-PI) was the most effective. Also, HHS added to KRB immediately following incubation resulted in partial restoration of sialyltransferase activity in the medium, suggesting the presence of anti-proteolytic factors in HHS. The addition of increasing concentrations of heparin to incubations containing HHS caused a decrease in the medium sialyltransferase activity. The heparin-binding fraction (HBF) from HHS, when added to incubations, was able to protect the sialyltransferase released into medium. However, HHS depleted of its heparin-binding fraction by heparin-agarose affinity chromatography was unable to protect the sialyltransferase. HBF was separated into high- and low-molecular-mass fractions (fractions A and B respectively) by gel-filtration chromatography. The capacity to protect the released sialyltransferase was contained in fraction B. Fraction A contained multiple bands on SDS/PAGE and did not protect the enzyme. Fraction B contained a major protein band on the gel which corresponded to the migration of a similar band in human alpha 1-PI. HBF as well as fraction B isolated from HHS showed anti-trypsin-like activity. The results presented indicate that HHS contains a heparin-binding protein(s) similar to human alpha 1-PI which plays a role in the protection of sialyltransferase released from jejunal slices.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Regulation of sialyltransferase activity in intestinal segments of rats.

A differential distribution of sialyltransferase (ST) in different regions of intestine has been shown. Jejunum and ileum homogenates from rats showed almost exclusive presence of alpha-2-3 ST (to Gal in Gal beta-1-4GlcNAc and/or to Gal in Gal beta-1-3GalNAc). In contrast, colon homogenates showed the presence of both alpha-2-3 ST (as above) and alpha-2-6 ST. Incubation of intestinal slices in presence of heat-inactivated horse serum (HHS) showed a time- and temperature-dependent secretion of soluble ST into the medium. Both jejunum and ileum slices showed high rates of secretion of alpha-2-3 ST. Colon slices, though rich in alpha-2-6 ST, secreted only alpha-2-3 ST. Colchicine, an anti-mitotic drug, injected into rats caused about 10-fold increase of the serum ST level. Jejunum slices from colchicine-treated rats showed an increased secretion of alpha-2-6 ST, suggesting that intestine undergoes a change in the expression of normal secretion of alpha-2-3 ST to a secretion of alpha-2-6 ST. The secretion of ST from incubated intestinal slices was inhibited by heparin. Certain protein factors (anti-proteases) in HHS bind to heparin-sepharose column and these protein factors are responsible for causing the secretion of ST into the medium. It has also been found that a supernatant fraction of the colon homogenate activated ST. Gel chromatography on HPLC produced 3-4 protein fractions from the colon cytosol and one of this fraction bearing high molecular weight proteins produced the maximum activation of ST.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1988

The relationship between theophylline, caffeine and heart rate in neonates.

Plasma theophylline and caffeine levels were measured in neonates receiving aminophylline for apnoea. Significant levels of caffeine were present in neonates with high plasma theophylline levels and particularly in those children who had been on theophylline for 6 days, or more. Caffeine levels in plasma decreased slowly compared to theophylline. Tachycardia did not occur in any infants even at theophylline values greater than 20 mg/L. For theophylline concentrations above 10 mg/L there was no relationship between heart rate and drug level. Heart rate alone cannot be used to predict toxic drug levels, and high drug levels will not necessarily cause tachycardia.

Aminophylline↗
PubMed1979

Neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis: clinical and histochemical observations in 2 cases.

Two cases of neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis are presented with detailed accounts of the clinical, histopathological and histochemical changes in the brain. In one of them, neurochemical analysis of the brain was found to be essentially normal. Despite the pathological and histochemical similarity in these two cases, the clinical forms were quite distinct. The clinical patterns are attributed to differences in the topography of neuronal involvement. The pathogenesis of this extremely rare form of neurolipidosis is discussed with reference to recent literature.

Brain↗
PubMed1977

Modification of the radiosensitivity of barley seed by post-treatment with caffein. IV. Effect of the moisture content of seed and storage temperature after irradiation.

The oxygen-dependent damage which develops in barley seeds with approximately 7-8 per cent moisture content disappears after post-irradiation storage in vacuo for 48 hours at 40 degrees C and for 24 hours at 50 degrees C. When the diration of storage at 40 degrees C is extended to 384 hours, oxygen-independent damage becomes potentiated. There is oxygen-dependent damage in seeds of approximately 13.3 per cent moisture content and after the seeds have been stored in vacuo at 50 degrees C, the oxygen-dependent damage begins to increase by 168 hours, and it is very significantly potentiated by 192 hours. Under these circumstances, caffeine acts as a radioprotector only as long as the precursors of oxic damage are present in the seeds. Once these sites are lost, caffeine acts only as a radiosensitizer. The oxygen-independent damage which increases with storage at high temperature is further potentiated by caffeine.

Caffeine↗