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Biomedical subjects

S Ohbayashi

Publications and source records attributed to S Ohbayashi.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1995

[Therapeutic effect of IGN-2098, a new antiulcer drug (H2-antagonist), in the ulcer diminishing period against acetic acid-induced gastric ulcer in rats].

The effects of IGN-2098 on the healing process of acetic acid-induced gastric ulcer was investigated in comparison with the other histamine H2-receptor antagonists, famotidine and roxatidine acetate HCl, in rats. Ulcer was induced by the injection of acetic acid solution (20%, 0.05 ml). From the 4th day to 17th day after the ulcer induction, drugs were orally administered twice a day. On the 18th day after the ulcer induction, rats were sacrificed to measure the ulcer index macroscopically and to take pictures of the stomachs. Judging from the photographs, the prominence of ulcer the edge was graded into 4 classes, which showed a significant correlation with the histological amount of connective tissue at the ulcer edge. All drugs accelerated the healing of the ulcer, and the effect of IGN-2098 was the most remarkable. In addition, IGN-2098-treatment exhibited more marked inhibition against the prominence of the ulcer edge as compared with the control group. Based on these results, it is concluded that IGN-2098 may be a useful drug for the clinical treatment of ulcer and that the healing acceleration by IGN-2098 without prominence of the ulcer edge may induce no relapse of the ulcer after healing.

Acetates↗
PubMed1995

[Anti-atheromatous effects of fenofibrate, a hypolipidemic drug. I: Anti-atheromatous effects are independent of its hypolipidemic effect in cholesterol-fed rabbits].

Anti-atheromatous effects of fenofibrate were studied in cholesterol-fed rabbits. Rabbits in the control group (HCD) and fenofibrate group (F-HCD) were fed the 0.5% cholesterol diet and the 0.5% cholesterol plus 0.11% fenofibrate diet (corresponding to ca. 30 mg/kg/day), respectively, for 2, 4 or 10 weeks. Fenofibrate did not change serum levels of total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol and triglyceride during the feeding period. The percentage of plaque area (PPA) formation in the thoracic aorta was time-dependently increased. PPA values were reduced in the rabbits treated with fenofibrate for 2 and 4 weeks, but not in those treated for 10 weeks. Fenofibrate had no effect on the plaque thickness. The percentage of circulating free platelets in the HCD group was reduced at the 4th week of feeding, but that in the F-HCD group was not. The anti-platelet effect of fenofibrate might cause the anti-atheromatous effect. Fenofibric acid, an active metabolite of fenofibrate, had no inhibitory effect on LDL peroxidation in vitro. From these results, we conclude that fenofibrate manifests an anti-atheromatous effect independent of the hypolipidemic effect in cholesterol-fed rabbits and that it may inhibit an early event in the atherogenesis.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

[Anti-atheromatous effects of fenofibrate, a hypolipidemic drug. II: Anti-atheromatous effects are independent of its hypolipidemic effect in hereditary hyperlipidemic rabbits].

Anti-atheromatous effects of fenofibrate were studied in KHC rabbits with a hereditary deletion in LDL receptors, a defect similar to that in Watanabe heritable hyperlipidemic rabbits. KHC rabbits (10-weeks-old) were given a dietary admixture of fenofibrate (ca. 30 or ca. 100 mg/kg/day) for 20 weeks. Fenofibrate did not change serum total cholesterol, high density lipoprotein and triglyceride levels. Fenofibrate decreased the percent of plaque area formation in the thoracic aorta, but not the degree of foam cell formation, fibrosis and edematous change, and thickness of the intima. Furthermore, fenofibrate markedly inhibited the medial damage with foam cell formation in the aorta at week 20. From these results, we conclude that fenofibrate manifested the anti-atheromatous effect in KHC rabbit and also the previous model of cholesterol-fed rabbits, particularly against the medial damage in KHC rabbits, independent of the hypolipidemic effect.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Astronaut psychiatric selection procedures: a Japanese experience.

This paper presents the results of the first application of a structured NASA psychiatric interview for Japanese astronaut selection. We undertook a semi-structured, diagnostic, clinical psychiatric interview with 45 Japanese astronaut applicants for the position of mission specialist-astronaut, and performed "select-out" psychiatric evaluations according to DSM-III-R psychiatric diagnostic criteria. Two applicants (4.4%) who met Axis I or Axis II disorder criteria in DSM-III-R were evaluated as "Disqualified." There were 13 applicants "Qualified with Reservation"; the majority of their diagnoses were "hypomania." Those applicants "Qualified with Reservation" and "Disqualified" were not finally selected to be astronauts. This structured interview was not only useful for "select-out" psychiatric screening of Japanese astronauts, but also made clear the Japanese characteristics of this selection procedure.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Exploratory eye movements in schizophrenic patients and patients with frontal lobe lesions.

Exploratory eye movements in 20 schizophrenics, 18 patients with frontal lobe lesions (9 right-sided and 9 left-sided) and 20 normal controls were examined with an eye mark recorder while they viewed stationary S-shaped figures. The eye movements made during the subject's first 15-s viewing of an original figure were analyzed. Patients with right frontal lobe lesions (RF) and schizophrenics (S) had lower scores than normal controls (NC) for the number of eye fixations, total eye scanning length and mean eye scanning length. Each subject was then shown two other figures slightly different from the original and was requested to compare them with the original. After comparing them, the subject was asked the question, "Are there any other differences?" The eye movements made over the ensuing 5 s in response to this question were scored using the responsive search score (RSS). The RSS was low only in the S group. The subject was also asked to reproduce the original figure before and after making comparisons between the figures. The RF and S groups were poorer at reproduction than the NC group. These findings suggest that there is disordered function of the right frontal lobe in schizophrenia, and that schizophrenia is due not only to localized damage to one part of the brain but to more widespread damage.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

[The effect of aldioxa on the formation of gastritis induced with sodium hydroxide].

The effects of aldioxa and cetraxate hydrochloride on the formative process of gastritis induced with intragastric application of 2% sodium hydroxide were studied. Rats were given food including either aldioxa or cetraxate hydrochloride for 6 weeks after the sodium hydroxide application. After sacrifice, the stomachs were removed, and the gastric mucosa were observed macroscopically and histologically. Gastric mucosal injury was widely induced with sodium hydroxide, being histologically characterized by mucosal hypertrophy, cell infiltration and intestinal metaplasia. These lesions seem to be the early stage of chronic gastritis. The aldioxa group showed a decrease of mucosal hypertrophy and cell infiltration as compared with the control group. In the cetraxate hydrochloride group, the mucosal surface of white gray color and the mucosal bosselation were observed macroscopically. Histologically, these were found to be cell infiltration and cyst formation. Moreover, intestinal metaplasia occurred at high incidence in this group. These findings in the cetraxate hydrochloride group are recognized to be an aggravation of chronic gastritis. From the above results, it is suggested that aldioxa promotes good regeneration of mucosa and should be useful for the clinical therapy of chronic gastritis.

Allantoin↗
PubMed1988

[A quantitative measurement of the cerebral infarct focus induced by arachidonate infusion and the relationship between measured values and stroke signs].

A method for measuring the organic infarct focus induced by arachidonate infusion into rat brain was devised, and the statistical relationship between the measured values and stroke signs in the rat was studied. By the infusion of arachidonate, a high incidence of cerebral infarction was found in the live rats with uniformly necrotized foci. The size of these foci (infarction rate) were measured by transcripting them to a graduated brain sheet. The relationship between the independent parameter of the infarction rate and the dependent parameter of stroke signs was fully analyzed by multidimensional quantification. Many animals showed no stroke signs despite having lesions (false negative). By contract, no animal without any lesion showed stroke signs (false positive). When each parameter of these signs were quantified and normalized, the stumbling and abnormal posture signs showed a wide range of values, relatively accurately reflecting the infarction degree. Moreover, the highest partial correlation ratio between the various parameters was found to be that between the stumbling and abnormal posture stroke signs. Thus, it may be said that the stumbling and the abnormal posture stroke signs can be considered relatively good parameters for evaluating the degree of an infarction. These parameters should be useful for the testing of anti-infarction drugs.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

[Experimental studies on gastric ulcer (5). Endoscopical evaluation of healing processes of acetic acid ulcer in rats (1). Ulcer reducing process].

The following results were obtained as the result of the sequential observations with an endoscope of the gastric ulcer produced by submucosal injection of acetic acid in rats. 1) The size of the ulcer produced by acetic acid injection observed on the 3rd day after ulcer induction depended on the concentration and volume of acetic acid. 2) The natural reducing rates of the size of ulcers in the region between the fundus and pylorus on the anterior wall (A) and in the glandular region on the greater curvature (B) were compared. The reducing rate of B ulcer was significantly faster than that of A ulcer. 3) No significant difference was observed in the reducing processes of untreated ulcers in 7 weeks old rats and 25 weeks old rats. 4) The ulcer reducing rate of female rats was found to be slightly faster than that of male rats. 5) The ulcer reducing rates of the aldioxa (ALD) and sucralfate (SUC) treated group were significantly faster than that of the control group. However, no difference in the ulcer reducing process between the cimetidine (CIM) treated group and the control group was observed. 6) The ulcer indices (UI) of both the combinations of ALD and SUC and of ALD and CIM were found to be significantly less than that of the control group on the 20th day. Treatment with drug combinations shortened the healing period of ulcers more than treatment with one drug alone. The percent healing by the combination of ALD and SUC was the highest among the groups treated. 7) An approximately linear relationship exists between the logarithm of the days after ulcer induction (x) and logarithm of UI (y), and the following equation was obtained: log y = a log x + b. Slope (a) indicates the ulcer reducing rate in evaluating the ulcer reducing process.

Acetates↗
PubMed1982

Infusion-free hemodiafiltration: simultaneous hemofiltration and dialysis with no need for infusion fluid.

A new simultaneous hemofiltration and dialysis system was developed which has no need of infusion fluid. The system employs two hemodiafilters in a direct series. An ultrafiltration rate and dialysate flow rate control system was employed to control the dialysate flow at the inlet and outlet, and the difference in volume was arranged to be the amount of water removed from the body. When the blood circuit was narrowed between the two hemodiafilters, the ultrafiltration was performed at the first hemodiafilter; at the second one, the dialysate moved to the blood side as a dilution fluid. To remove pyrogens and bacteria, tap water was subjected to activated charcoal, ion exchange and reverse osmosis treatment, followed by preparation of the dialysate. In clinical evaluation, this system showed marked improvement in clearance of middle and large molecules.

Adult↗