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Biomedical subjects

S Pawar

Publications and source records attributed to S Pawar.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2005

Evaluation of capsaicin ointment at the Korean hand acupressure point K-D2 for prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting.

The K-D2 point is the Korean hand acupressure point in Koryo Hand Therapy for prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting. We evaluated the efficacy of capsaicin ointment at the K-D2 point in 186 patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy in a randomised, prospective, double-blind and placebo-controlled study. Patients were randomised to have either placebo ointment or capsaicin ointment applied to the K-D2 point of both hands 1 h before surgery under standardised anaesthesia. The ointment was removed 8 h later. Postoperative nausea and vomiting was evaluated 6 and 24 h following surgery. The incidence of postoperative nausea and vomiting was lower in the capsaicin group, with an absolute risk reduction (ARR) of 21%, a relative risk reduction (RRR) of 50% and a number-needed-to-treat (NNT) of 5 at 0-6 h (p = 0.001), and an ARR of 11%, a RRR of 85% and a NNT of 9 at 6-24 h (p = 0.003). The need for rescue anti-emetic treatment was also lower at 0-6 h (3 (3%) vs 11 (12%); p = 0.04) and at 6-24 h (5 (5%) vs 0; p = 0.02).

Acupuncture Points↗
PubMed2003

Non-human primates: a model for tuberculosis research.

A variety of animals have been used for tuberculosis research, and each animal model has its strengths and weaknesses. We sought to develop a non-human primate model of tuberculosis to model aspects of human tuberculosis that are difficult to model in other animals, including the pathology in the lungs, various progression to disease, and immunologic correlates of infection or disease that are likely to be similar in humans. To date, we have infected 17 cynomolgus macaques (Macaca fasicularis) with a low dose (15-25CFU) of Mycobacterium tuberculosis strain Erdman. The monkeys were grouped into three categories on the basis of disease progression: rapid progression (advanced disease by 3 months post-infection), active/chronic infection (signs of disease but a slower progression), and latent infection (no signs of clinical disease). Animals were followed clinically post-infection, including blood work, physical examinations, serial bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) and gastric aspirates for M. tuberculosis culture, chest radiographs, and tuberculin reactivity. Immunologic assays on cells from blood, BAL fluid, and tissue, have been performed, including proliferation, flow cytometry, ELIspot assays, cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) assays, and ELISAs. The spectrum of disease observed in these monkeys is similar to humans, and this model may be very useful for studying pathogenesis and immunology of tuberculosis, as well as testing vaccines, diagnostic reagents, and drugs prior to use in human populations.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Influence of smoking on cutaneous delayed-type hyper sensitivity reaction by tuberculin skin test.

Tuberculin test (purified protein derivative) is currently accepted as a standard investigation used in the diagnosis of tuberculosis (TB). Although the sensitivity of the test is reliable, a substantial number of those subjected to screening for TB by such test are cigarette smokers. This study is designed to investigate the effect of smoking on cell-mediated delayed-type cellular hypersensitivity (DTH) reaction by PPD. Prospective, case-control study was conducted at the Chest and TB unit of Chest Hospital Kuwait. The study population consisted of 357 healthy volunteers serving as controls and 200 in-patients under direct medical supervision and treatment for tuberculosis as cases. The mean age was 33.69 +/- 8.6 SD; 286 were current smokers and 271 were lifetime non-smokers. PPD test was done using 2TU RT23 SSI-Denmark on all subjects. Median PPD was significant among the cases (P=0.03) between smokers and non-smokers and was highly significant among the healthy controls (P<0.001). No significant difference was seen between median pack years of smoking and PPD levels among the patient group (P=0.264) but the difference was significant among the control group (P<0.001). Univariate analysis of variance (ANOVA) on PPD, taking into account age, pack years of smoking, ethnic groups and BCG scar showed sufficient response but was not statistically significant to all these factors. Smoking habit does not appear to influence the cutaneous delayed type hypersensitivity reaction by tuberculin skin test.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

RinoFlow nasal wash and sinus system as a mechanism to deliver medications to the paranasal sinuses: results of a radiolabeled pilot study.

Direct delivery of medication to the sinuses with standard nebulizers is difficult to achieve. The nasal inhalation of aerosolized medications is dependent on the size of the particles and the pressure with which they are delivered; when the particles are too small or the pressure is too low, the drug cannot reach the sinuses. The ability of topical medications to treat sinus disorders can be improved if the medication could be delivered directly to the sinuses. We tested the ability of the RinoFlow nasal aerosol delivery device to deposit aerosol directly to the paranasal sinuses. Five normal, healthy subjects used the device to administer technetium Tc 99m nasally. Nuclear scanning was used to detect deposition in the frontal and maxillary sinuses. Three subjects underwent additional testing after administration of a nasal decongestant. Three of the five subjects showed some evidence of direct delivery to the sinuses, although deposition was not uniform or complete. Pretreatment with a decongestant had no apparent effect on subsequent technetium delivery. We conclude that the results of this study are promising and that further study is warranted.

Administration, Inhalation↗
PubMed1995

Differential gene expression in migrating renal epithelial cells after wounding.

An in vitro model of wound healing was used to study cell migration that is independent of proliferation during renal regeneration after acute tubular necrosis. Monolayer cultures of high-density, quiescent renal epithelial cells of the BSC-1 line were subjected to scrape wounding and then Northern blot analysis was employed to identify genes that mediate cell migration. After wounding the monolayer, there is maximal induction of the immediate-early genes Egr-1, c-fos, NAK-1, and gro at 1 hour, followed by peak induction of connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) and c-myc at 4 hours. Message levels of urokinase-type plasminogen activator (u-PA) and its inhibitor (PAI-1) and heat shock protein (HSP)-70 are markedly raised 4-8 hours after wounding. Constitutive expression is repressed at 1 hour for transcripts that encode receptors for fibronectin (FN), epidermal growth factor, and hepatocyte growth factor (c-met), and the secreted proteins FN and osteopontin. Expression of genes encoding transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta 1 and -beta 2, retinoic acid receptor alpha, int-1, int-2, and gap junction protein which can play a role in cell movement, appeared unchanged after wounding. Differential expression of genes was a function of cell location relative to the wound; NAK-1, PAI-1, and HSP-70 were induced or stimulated only in cells at the wound edge, u-PA was stimulated in cells away from the wound, and CTGF was induced in each of these populations suggesting that cell-to-cell communication may regulate gene expression after wounding. Adenosine diphosphate, a potent stimulator of cell migration which enhances expression of u-PA and PAI-1 in nonwounded cultures, additively stimulates these genes after wounding and may thereby potentiate wound healing. Thus scrape wounding of renal epithelial cells is followed by induction, stimulation, or repression of specific genes with distinct responses in different populations of cells.

Adenosine Diphosphate↗
PubMed1995

Calcium oxalate monohydrate crystals stimulate gene expression in renal epithelial cells.

Primary or secondary hyperoxaluria is associated with calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis, interstitial fibrosis and progressive renal insufficiency. Monolayer cultures of nontransformed monkey kidney epithelial cells (BSC-1 line) and calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM) crystals were used as a model system to study cell responses to crystal interactions that might occur in the nephrons of patients during periods of hyperoxaluria. To determine if COM crystals signal a change in gene expression, Northern blots were prepared from total renal cellular RNA after the cells were exposed to crystals. The immediate early genes c-myc, EGR-1, and Nur-77 were induced at one hour. At two to six hours stimulated expression of the genes encoding plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI-1) and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-A chain was detected, but constitutive expression of urokinase-type plasminogen activator (u-PA) was not altered. Expression of connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) was induced at one hour and persisted up to 24 hours. The stimulation of gene expression by COM crystals was relatively crystal- and renal cell-type specific. Thus the interaction of kidney epithelial cells with COM crystals alters expression of genes that encode three classes of proteins: transcriptional activators, a regulator of extracellular matrix (ECM), and growth factors. Activation of PAI-1 gene expression without a change in u-PA favors accumulation of ECM proteins, as does increased expression of PDGF and CTGF which can also stimulate fibroblast proliferation in a paracrine manner. These results suggest that COM crystal-mediated stimulation of specific genes in renal tubular cells may contribute to the development of interstitial fibrosis in hyperoxaluric states.

3T3 Cells↗
PubMed1991

Developmental regulation of lck gene expression in T lymphocytes.

In the mouse and human, mRNA transcripts encoding the lymphocyte-specific protein tyrosine kinase p56lck are derived from two separate promoters resulting in heterogeneity in the 5' untranslated region sequence. The proximal promoter lies just 5' to the coding region for the gene and is active only in thymocytes. In contrast, the distal promoter lies 34 kilobases (kb) 5' in the human, and is active both in thymocytes and mature peripheral T cells. As previously reported, transgenic mice bearing functional proximal promoter sequence juxtaposed with the SV40 large T antigen gene invariably develop lymphoid tumors confined to the thymus. In the current work, transgenic mice bearing a 2.6-kb fragment of the human distal promoter fused to the SV40 large T antigen gene express large T antigen in thymocytes and in peripheral lymphoid cells, and develop tumors of both the thymus and the peripheral lymphoid organs. The ability of the human distal promoter to function appropriately in transgenic mice is consistent with the strong similarity observed between the mouse and human distal promoter sequences. With the exception of a single short interval that serves as a target for binding of nuclear factors, significant sequence similarity is not seen when the distal and proximal promoter sequences are compared. Hence, developmentally regulated, lineage-specific transcription of the lck gene is mediated by distinct promoter sequences that appear to be capable of functioning independently.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Characterization through cDNA cloning of galactoprotein b3 (Gap b3), a cell surface membrane glycoprotein showing enhanced expression on oncogenic transformation. Identification of Gap b3 as a member of the integrin superfamily.

Galactoprotein b (Gap b) is a group of glycoproteins of fibroblast cell membranes showing enhanced expression in association with oncogenic transformation (Carter, W.G., and Hakomori, S. (1977) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 76, 299-308). We purified Gap b3 (one of the Gap b group) to homogeneity from hamster fibroblast NIL cells transformed with polyoma virus (NILpy). Partial amino acid sequence was determined, and the cDNA clones encoding this protein were isolated by oligodeoxynucleotide hybridization. The 5.0-kilobase pair cDNA encodes a protein of 1051 amino acid residues containing a signal peptide (32 residues), a large extracellular domain (959 residues), a transmembrane domain (28 residues), and a short cytoplasmic domain (32 residues). The overall structure of Gap b3 is similar to that of the alpha subunit of so-called integrin receptors in the following respects: (i) presence of metal-binding sequences; (ii) location of a transmembrane domain near C terminus; (iii) matched positions of most of the cysteine residues. This, together with extensive amino acid sequence homology, strongly suggests that Gap b3 is a member of the integrin family. Gap b3 consists of two polypeptide chains (Mr = 110,000 and 30,000), which seem to be proteolytic cleavage products connected by disulfide bonds from a precursor protein. Southern hybridization shows the presence of a single copy gene in mice and humans as well. Northern hybridization analysis shows that the enhanced expression of Gap b3 in transformed cells is due to increased transcription of its message.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1989

Selective expression of alternative lck mRNAs in human malignant cell lines.

The lck protein tyrosine kinase is normally expressed in a cell type-specific fashion, with mRNA being confined to cells of lymphoid lineage. Despite this highly specific pattern of expression in normal tissues, lck mRNA has also been detected in selected cell lines derived from human nonlymphoid neoplasms. In this study we explored the mechanisms underlying the expression of lck mRNA within human nonlymphoid neoplastic cell lines. We determined that lck mRNA expression was correlated with transcriptional activation and that there was no evidence for genomic rearrangement or amplification within the lck coding region to account for the expression of lck mRNA in the nonlymphoid neoplastic cell lines. The lck gene has previously been shown to contain two distinct promoter elements. In this study, we demonstrated that lck-producing cell lines derived from human nonlymphoid neoplasms expressed transcripts initiated exclusively from the 3'-most promoter element (3' promoter). In contrast, lymphoid cell lines derived from nonmalignant sources expressed lck transcripts exclusively initiated from the 5'-most promoter element (5' promoter). Most cell lines derived from human lymphoid neoplasms express lck transcripts initiated from both the 5' and 3' promoters in various ratios. Thus, lck expression in a variety of malignant cell lines results from a selective induction of transcription from the 3' promoter.

Base Sequence↗
PubMed1988

Structure of the murine lck gene and its rearrangement in a murine lymphoma cell line.

The lck gene encodes a lymphocyte-specific protein-tyrosine kinase that is implicated in neoplastic transformation. We have determined the germ line organization of the murine lck gene and have isolated and characterized a rearranged lck allele in the murine lymphoma cell line LSTRA. The overall exon-intron organization of the normal lck gene is almost identical to that of avian c-src. In LSTRA DNA, an internally rearranged Moloney murine leukemia virus genome is interposed between two distinct promoters that normally generate lck transcripts differing only in 5' untranslated regions. The rearrangement appears to have been selected to permit splicing of transcripts that initiate from the Moloney virus promoter to an acceptor site located within the first exon 3' to the downstream promoter, thus generating an lck mRNA with a novel 5' untranslated region that may be more efficiently translated.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Efficient coupled transcription and mRNA splicing in vitro using plasmids derived from early region 3 of adenovirus 2 and a nondefective adenovirus-simian virus 40 hybrid.

Accurate and highly efficient (80%) splicing of a single mRNA precursor to processed products was achieved using HeLa cell extracts to synthesize and process RNA in vitro from recombinant plasmids containing specific DNA segments from adenovirus 2 (Ad2) and the nondefective adenovirus-simian virus 40 (Ad+2ND1) hybrid. One plasmid, pRID, contains a segment of Ad2 DNA spanning chromosome map coordinates 75.9-83.4. The other plasmid, pRW9, contains the analogous viral region from Ad+2ND1. RNA synthesis from pRID in vitro occurs for more than 60 min and is directed by RNA polymerase II. RNA products consistent in size with the expected precursor and the two processed mRNAs are made. RNA blot hybridization analyses showed that these products are complementary to the Ad2 insert in the plasmid and that the appropriate intervening sequence was absent from the smallest processed mRNA. Comparison of the splice patterns of RNA made in vitro to those of RNAs taken from infected cells using the nuclease S1 technique demonstrated the accuracy of intron removal.

Adenoviruses, Human↗
PubMed1982

Primary amyloidoma of the spine.

A rare case of primary solitary amyloidoma involving the dorsal spine is reported. Destruction of the fourth thoracic vertebra and extension of the soft tissue mass around the vertebra were visualized on linear tomography and computed tomography. Diagnosis was made on the basis of histology and histochemical reactions.

Aged↗
PubMed1982

Sonography of splenic abscess.

Gray-scale sonographic examination was performed in seven cases of splenic and parasplenic abscess. The splenic abscesses appeared as irregular, poorly defined anechoic masses with varying internal echogenicity and acoustical transmission. Increased echogenicity and distal acoustical shadowing due to gas within the abscess were also noted. Gray-scale sonography was instrumental in the diagnosis of splenic abscess in this group of patients whose symptomatology was of uncertain etiology.

Abscess↗
PubMed1979

Five different enzymatic activities are associated with the multienzyme complex of fatty acid oxidation from Escherichia coli.

The purified multienzyme complex of fatty acid oxidation from Escherichia coli was found to possess 3-hydroxyacyl-coenzyme A (CoA) epimerase and cis-delta3-trans-delta2-enoyl-CoA isomerase activities in addition to the previously identified enoyl-CoA hydratase, L-3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase, and 3-ketoactyl-CoA thiolase activities. Evidence is presented in support of the proposed association of all five enzyme activities with one protein which apparently is composed of two types of subunits and which can exist in several aggregated forms. The five component enzymes of the complex were rapidly inactivated by tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane, whereas they remained active in the presence of potassium phosphate.

3-Hydroxyacyl CoA Dehydrogenases↗