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Biomedical subjects

S R Choudhury

Publications and source records attributed to S R Choudhury.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2004

Blood pressure in acute intracerebral haemorrhage.

Stroke is one of the leading causes of death worldwide, and spontaneous bleeding into the brain parenchyma, intracerebral haemorrhage (ICH), is a stroke subtype associated with high morbidity and mortality. Overall, it comprises about 15% of all stroke in Caucasians, this figure being much higher in Asians and black people. Blood pressure (BP) appears to play an important role in this disease. We have reviewed available literature on the relationship of BP to the occurrence of primary and secondary ICH, the association of BP levels measured early after stroke with prognosis and complications, and evidence about the effects of early BP lowering treatments on post-stroke outcomes. BP appears to be an important risk factor for primary and secondary ICH. In addition, high BP early after ICH may be detrimental to outcome, possibly contributing to complications such as rebleeding and haematoma enlargement. Few data are available about the effects of early lowering of BP on outcome after ICH with no reliable trial yet conducted. Proper randomised trials are required to establish the effect of early lowering of BP on outcome after ICH.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed2003

Differences in cardiovascular disease risk factors between Japanese in Japan and Japanese-Americans in Hawaii: the INTERLIPID study.

Despite increase in serum total cholesterol, high smoking rate, and frequency of adverse blood pressure levels in Japan, coronary heart disease (CHD) incidence and mortality apparently remain substantially lower at all ages in Japan than in the US and other Western societies. To better understand these differences, we compared CHD biomedical risk factors and dietary variables in Japanese living in Japan and 3rd and 4th generation Japanese emigrants living a primarily Western lifestyle in Hawaii, in an ancillary study of the INTERMAP. Men and women aged 40-59 years were examined by common standardized methods-four samples in Japan (574 men, 571 women) and a Japanese-American sample in Hawaii (136 men, 131 women). Average systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) blood pressures were significantly higher in men in Japan than in Hawaii; there were no significant differences in women. The treatment rate of hypertension was much lower in Japan than Hawaii. Smoking prevalence was higher, markedly so for men, in Japan than Hawaii. Body mass index, serum total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, HbA1c, and fibrinogen were significantly lower in Japan than in Hawaii; high-density lipoprotein cholesterol was higher in Japan. Total fat, saturated fatty acid intake, and Keys dietary lipid score were lower in Japan than in Hawaii. Polyunsaturated/saturated fatty acid ratio and omega-3 fatty acid intake were higher in Japan than in Hawaii. In conclusion, levels of several, especially lipid, CHD risk factors were generally lower in Japanese in Japan than in Japanese in Hawaii. These differences were smaller for women than men between Japan and Hawaii. They may partly explain lower CHD incidence and mortality in Japan than Western industrialized countries.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

A cheap and convenient modification of arsine generator used for arsenic estimation.

In a study observing the effect of spirulina in the treatment of chronic arsenic poisoning quantitative estimation of arsenic in the urine of the patients was necessary. It was decided to try a modification of the arsine generator in the process. An alternative apparatus was designed following the structure of arsine generator by White (1976) using a 50-ml conical flask with rubber cork, 4-ml injection vial, two 3" long glass tubes and a glass test tube. An experiment was carried out with solutions containing known amounts of arsenic. The alternative arsine generator was tried in the estimation of arsenic content in those solutions. The results revealed that the apparatus permitted correct measurement of arsenic concentration. The alternative arsine generator was cheap easy to use and provided authentic results in estimation of arsenic concentration in the urine of patients with chronic arsenic poisoning.

Arsenic Poisoning↗
PubMed2001

Generational and regional differences in trends of mortality from ischemic heart disease in Japan from 1969 to 1992.

The authors compared generational and regional trends of premature mortality from ischemic heart disease (IHD) from 1969 to 1992 for persons aged 30-69 years. They selected Tokyo and Osaka prefectures as the most urbanized and compared them with the rest of Japan. The data were divided into two periods: period I (1969-1978, International Classification of Diseases, Eight Revision) and period II (1979-1992, International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision). In both populations, IHD mortality decreased for both sexes, but mortality from nonspecific heart disease remained constant in men and decreased in women. In Tokyo and Osaka prefectures, the percentage decline per year in IHD mortality for both sexes was significantly smaller in period II than in period I. However, in the rest of Japan, it did not decrease for either sex. Age-specific analysis showed that the percentage decline per year in period II was smallest for the group aged 30-49 years (men, 0.05%; women, 0.76%) in Tokyo and Osaka prefectures, while it was similar for all age groups in the rest of Japan. For men, the IHD mortality rate in 1991-1992 for those aged 30-49 years was higher in Tokyo and Osaka prefectures (9.4/100,000) than in the rest of Japan (5.4/100,000).

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Survival of patients with esophageal atresia: influence of birth weight, cardiac anomaly, and late respiratory complications.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to determine the influence of various prognostic factors on the outcome of esophageal atresia patients. METHODS: The authors reviewed 240 charts of patients admitted with esophageal atresia or tracheoesophageal fistula (EA-TEF) in a single institution. A logistic regression model was used with survival as the dependent variable and era of repair, birth weight, and cardiac anomaly as independent variables. RESULTS: Era was statistically significant (P = .011); 87% (117 of 134) of patients survived in the era from 1980 through 1997 compared with 78% (83 of 106) from 1960 through 1979. Cardiac anomaly (CHD) was a significant risk factor (P = .001); 88% (176 of 199) survived without cardiac anomaly, whereas only 59% (24 of 41) survived with cardiac disease. Eighty-four percent (185 of 219) of infants with a birth weight (BW) of more than 1,500 g survived, compared with 71% (15 of 21) of infants with a birth weight of less than 1,500 g. This was not statistically significant (P = .59). Early hospital deaths were primarily cardiac and chromosomal (61%). Late deaths were primarily respiratory (59%; two-tailed Fisher's Exact test, P = .004). CONCLUSIONS: (1) Survival of patients with esophageal atresia has significantly improved in the recent years. (2) Low birth weight (<1,500 g) does not seem to affect survival. (3) Associated cardiac and chromosomal anomalies are significant causes of death, particularly for early demise. (4) Late death from respiratory disease (tracheomalacia, reactive airway disease, reflux, and aspiration) warrants attention, and a close follow-up of postoperative patients is suggested.

Abnormalities, Multiple↗
PubMed1999

Stroke incidence and case fatality in Shiga, Japan 1989-1993.

BACKGROUND: This paper describes incidence rates and case-fatality for sub-types of stroke using data collected in Takashima, Shiga, Japan, from 1989 to 1993 and compares these with similar registers in other parts of Japan. METHODS: Registered patients included all residents of the county who experienced a first-ever stroke. Stroke was defined as sudden onset of neurological symptoms which continued for a minimum of 24 hours or led to death. Almost all such patients are hospitalized in this country. Early case fatality was defined as patients who died within 28 days of stroke onset. Diagnosis of stroke type was based on clinical symptoms as well as computed tomography (CT) scans. RESULTS: Age-adjusted incidence rates for stroke per 100,000 population aged 35 years and older were 268.7 for men and 167.5 for women. The age-specific incidence rate of both cerebral infarction and cerebral haemorrhage increased with advancing age. The occurrence of cerebral infarction in men was twice as high as in women. The 28-day case fatality for all sub-types of stroke was 16.1% in men and 15.8% in women. Case fatality for cerebral infarction, cerebral haemorrhage, and subarachnoid haemorrhage was 10.7%, 22.4% and 28.6% respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Takashima County has a moderately high stroke incidence rate and case fatality compared with other similar studies in Japan. The incidence rate of cerebral infarction in men is twice that in women, while other sub-types of stroke showed smaller differences. In order to decrease the incidence of stroke in Japan, greater efforts at primary prevention will be necessary, in particular, it is important to prevent cerebral infarction in men.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Changes in body mass index and its relationships to other cardiovascular risk factors among Japanese population: results from the 1980 and 1990 national cardiovascular surveys in Japan.

Few studies have attempted to investigate the changes in body mass index (BMI) and its relationship to other cardiovascular factors in Asian populations, including Japanese. Data from two national cross-sectional surveys on circulatory disorders in 1980 and 1990 in Japan were used in this study. The sample consisted of 10,556 participants in the 1980 survey and 8,385 in the 1990 survey, aged > or = 30 years. The results show that after adjusting for age, smoking, alcohol consumption (ALC) and daily life physical activity (PA), mean BMI increased 0.49 kg/m2 (95% confidence interval: 0.34-0.65) in men aged 30-59 and 0.61 kg/m2 (0.37-0.86) in those aged > or = 60 from 1980 to 1990. In women, however, mean BMI decreased 0.24 kg/m2 (-0.39 0.09) in those aged 30-59 and increased 0.38 kg/m2 (0.12-0.64) in those aged > or = 60. BMI was significantly associated with hypertension, diabetes and hypercholesterolaemia. In both genders, cu-smokers had lower mean BMI than never smokers, while among the cu-smokers, mean BMI was positively associated with the number of cigarettes smoked per day. In men, BMI was positively associated with ALC and negatively associated with PA, while in women, BMI was negatively associated with ALC and positively associated with PA. The results suggest that BMI has significantly increased in men and in elderly women. BMI, even in the Japanese population who are characterized by relative low BMI, is significantly associated with several cardiovascular risk factors.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

[Randomized controlled trial for smoking cessation among city office employees].

To evaluate the effect of a smoking cessation program by health professionals, a randomized intervention study was carried out in the Omihachiman city office in 1993. Participants (n = 53), volunteers from current smokers in the city office, were randomly divided into intervention and control groups. The intervention group received intensive education for five months (i.e., the effect of smoking on health, the beneficial aspects of quitting smoking, how to stop smoking and how to deal with the withdrawal symptoms). Group lectures (two times) and individual counseling (three times) were used for health education. After five months, the control group was also given the same advice on smoking cessation. Comparison of smoking cessation rates between the two groups was performed at the end of the intervention period. Follow-up of all participants occurred at six and 12 months post intervention. After the five months of intervention, smoking cessation rate in the intervention group (19.2%) tended to be higher than that in the control group (7.4%), but was not significant (chi 2 = 1.62). Over all smoking cessation rates of all participants (n = 53) at the end of the 10 month intervention was 32.1% and at six months and 1 year after the end of the 10 month intervention were 24.5% and 13.2%, respectively. Comparison of participants who successfully stopped smoking and those who did not, it was revealed that younger age, lower expired air CO concentration (p < 0.01), and attitude for smoking cessation at the beginning were significantly related to smoking cessation. In our study, after five months, smoking cessation rate in the intervention group was about two times that of the control group, although the effectiveness of our smoking cessation program could not be validated due to small sample size. Taking into account the rate of smoking cessation after one year, We believe that programs by health professionals are effective for smoking cessation.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Relationship between blood pressure and alcohol consumption on the previous day in Japanese men.

An association has been found between high blood pressure (BP) and the regular consumption of alcohol in epidemiological studies, and a repeated withdrawal reaction to alcohol is considered one of the mechanisms of high BP in drinkers. In this study, we investigated the association between BP and alcohol consumption on the previous day in regular male drinkers. The study participants were 551 men aged 20 to 59 yr who drank alcohol regularly. BP was measured and information on daily alcohol intake was obtained from each participant by a questionnaire, which also asked whether alcohol had been consumed on the day before BP measurement. Age-adjusted BP was compared between participants who had (n=504, 91.6%) and those who had not (n=47, 8.4%) consumed alcohol on the previous day. There were no significant differences between the two groups with regard to BP or body mass index. Even after excluding subjects who were receiving anti-hypertensive drugs, there was still no significant difference in age-adjusted BP between the two groups. Our study found no association between BP and alcohol consumption on the previous day in regular male drinkers, which implies that alcohol withdrawal after 1 d of abstinence cannot explain the high blood pressure found in regular drinkers in this Japanese middle-aged population.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Cisapride reduces neonatal postoperative ileus: randomised placebo controlled trial.

AIM: To assess the efficacy of cisapride in reducing ileus persisting to the tenth postoperative day after neonatal abdominal surgery. METHODS: A prospective, randomised, double blind trial comparing rectal cisapride (1.4-2.3 mg/kg/day) with placebo over seven days was undertaken in 33 neonates. RESULTS: Seven of 12 (58%) patients receiving placebo and eight of 11 (73%) receiving cisapride achieved a first sustained feed during treatment. Of those receiving cisapride, the first sustained feed occurred at 2.3 days (SEM 0.6) compared with 4.7 days (SEM 0.8) with placebo. By the seventh day the mean daily net enteral balance was 69 (SEM 18) ml/kg in the cisapride subgroup and 17 (SEM 8) ml/kg for those receiving placebo. Stool was passed on 6.3 (SEM 0.4) treatment days in the cisapride subgroup compared with 4.1 (SEM 1.0) treatment days in the placebo subgroup. CONCLUSION: Cisapride is effective in neonates with a prolonged ileus after abdominal surgery.

Administration, Rectal↗
PubMed1997

[Current epidemiology of hypertension in Japan].

In 1960, stroke mortality in Japan was the highest among industrialized countries, while CHD mortality was the lowest. Stroke mortality for men and women aged 30-69 years, however, declined by 80% during the 1965-90 years and CHD mortality also declined during the same period. Among risk factors, trends in blood pressure level and the prevalence of hypertension were very compatible with those in stroke mortality. Serum total cholesterol level has increased remarkably, however, CHD mortality has not increased. This may be explained by the decline in population blood pressure level and the prevalence of hypertension, and decreased smoking rate.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Association between electrocardiographic ischemic abnormalities and ischemic heart disease risk factors in a Japanese population.

This cross-sectional study was undertaken to investigate the association of electrocardiographic (ECG) ischemic abnormalities with ischemic heart disease (IHD) risk factors in a Japanese population. Resting ECGs of 1201 subjects (572 men and 629 women, aged 30 to 89 years), were coded independently by two coders according to the Minnesota Code. Blood pressure (BP) was recorded using a standard sphygmomanometer, and non-fasting serum total cholesterol and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol were measured. Codes 1.1 and 1.2 were classified as myocardial infarction and codes 1.3, 4.1-4.4, 5.1-5.3 and 7.1 were classified as ischemia. Prevalence of ECG with evidence of IHD (IHD ECG) was defined as myocardial infarction and ischemia together. Levels of risk factors were compared between subjects with IHD ECGs and those without IHD ECGs. Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to ascertain the associations between IHD ECG and risk factors. The prevalence of myocardial infarction in the total population was 1.5% and 0.7% in men and women, respectively and the prevalence of IHD ECGs was 10% and 11.3% in men and women, respectively. Systolic blood pressure (SBP) was consistently higher in subjects with IHD ECGs in the total population of both sexes (P < 0.001, P = 0.001 for men and women respectively). Diastolic blood pressure (DBP) was higher only in men with IHD ECGs (P = 0.002). In middle-aged men (aged 30-59 years), total cholesterol was considerably higher in subjects with IHD ECGs, although this relationship was statistically not significant. In multiple logistic regression analysis, SBP was independently associated with IHD ECGs in both sexes (P = 0.001). Associations between IHD ECGs with total cholesterol, alcohol intake and smoking were not statistically significant. This study showed that electro-cardiographic IHD evidences in Japanese are predominantly associated with blood pressure level in both sexes.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

The associations between alcohol drinking and dietary habits and blood pressure in Japanese men.

OBJECTIVE: To clarify the relationships between blood pressure and alcohol, nutrients and electrolytes intakes in Japanese men. DESIGN AND METHOD: A dietary survey was conducted in a rural population of Japan by the 2-day dietary record method, and blood pressure was measured with a standard sphygmomanometer. Blood pressure levels, nutrients and electrolytes intakes were compared among the non-drinkers and the tertiles of the alcohol-drinking subjects. The relationships between blood pressure and nutrients, electrolytes and alcohol intakes were also determined by multiple regression analysis. RESULTS: Age and systolic blood pressure (SBP) were positively, and percentage of energy from fat and carbohydrates was negatively, related to the drinking categories. Univariate analysis showed that SBP was significantly related to age, body mass index (BMI) and alcohol intake, and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) was also significantly related to age, BMI and alcohol intake. Both SBP and DBP had a significant inverse relationship with the percentage of energy from fat (P < 0.01). Both SBP and DBP were significantly related to drinking categories when the effects of age, BMI and percentage energy from fat intake on blood pressure were adjusted for (P < 0.001). Multiple regression analysis revealed SBP to be significantly and positively associated with age, BMI and alcohol intake, and negatively associated with potassium intake, whereas DBP was significantly and positively associated with BMI and total energy intake, and was negatively associated with potassium and the percentage of energy intake from fat and carbohydrates. CONCLUSION: The positive association between alcohol drinking and blood pressure persisted even after consideration of the effects of age, BMI and other macronutrient and electrolytes intakes. The reduction of alcohol intake should be an important public health strategy in the primary prevention of hypertension in this population.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Genome size and restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of Vibrio cholerae strains belonging to different serovars and biotypes.

The genome size of Vibrio cholerae has been determined by pulsed field gel electrophoresis following digestion of chromosomal DNA with endonucleases. The genome size of all the classical strains examined was about 3000 kb and that of El Tor biotype was 2500 kb. The NotI and SfiI digestion patterns of the genomes of several V. cholerae strains belonging to different serovars and biotypes showed distinct restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP). RFLP analysis together with the genome size can be used to differentiate strains of different serovars and biotypes of V. cholerae.

Bacterial Typing Techniques↗