Biomedical subjects
Publications and source records attributed to S R Coleman.
This article identifies sources of a significant increase in the agedness of references in 89 learning textbooks published from 1952 through 1995.
In the search for injectable subcutaneous fillers, fat harvested, transferred, and placed in the manner previously described has most of the characteristics of an ideal filler. It is biocompatible, versatile, stable, long-lasting, and natural-appearing. The key to successful fat grafting lies in the technique. Harvesting, refinement, and transfer of subcutaneous tissue to provide pure, intact parcels of fat are essential for successful fat grafting. The surgeon also must infiltrate the refined fat parcels into the recipient site so that they survive predictably and uniformly, become integrated into the host tissues, and accomplish the desired structural alteration. The key to attaining these goals is the placement of minuscule amounts of fatty tissue with each withdrawal of the infiltrating cannula. This maneuver maximizes the surface area of contact between the newly transplanted tissues and the recipient tissues. Applying this technique to enact structural volume alteration of the face can result in subtle or striking improvements in the appearance of patients. The ideal substance for soft-tissue augmentation still eludes physicians, but fat grafting through a blunt cannula seems to be the safest of all of the fillers used; in the hands of an experienced surgeon, it can provide long-lasting, natural-appearing structural changes.
Objective information was obtained from 89 textbooks in the psychology of learning published from 1952 through 1995 to answer questions about their coverage of classical conditioning. We found (a) that classical conditioning consistently received less coverage than instrumental and operant conditioning, (b) that the distinction of classical and instrumental conditioning has become established as a textbook-construction device, (c) that use of the classical-instrumental distinction by textbook authors has "hardened" after a period of "fluidity" in the 1970s, (d) that the currency of references in the basic classical (as well as instrumental) conditioning chapters diminished from 1952 to 1995. Findings are discussed in regard to the possibility that, as a class, and in comparison to other textbooks, the textbooks of the psychology of learning fall short of fulfilling some of their recognized roles.
Lipostructure is a natural, long-lasting method of filling and supporting the face using intricate layering of infiltrated autologous tissue. This method allows the tissues to be sculpted to enact three-dimensional augmentation of facial elements. Because the grafted fat becomes integrated into the host tissues, it is almost undetectable after transplantation, except by photography. To successfully use fatty tissue as such a graft, attention must be paid to the nature of fatty tissue; to the methods of harvesting, transfer, and placement; and to the preparation of the patient. Fatty tissue is a complex, delicate structure that is easily damaged by mechanical and chemical insults. Successful fat transplantation demands that every step be practiced with attention to this fragile nature of fatty tissue. Precision is an important consideration in the augmentation of millimeters of facial elements. The true volume of infiltration is difficult to judge if too much blood, lidocaine, or oil is present in the tissue being placed. Fat is living tissue that must be in close proximity to a nutritional and respiratory source to survive. Therefore, placement of small amounts of fatty tissue in multiple tunnels assumes the utmost importance in the quest for both survival of fatty tissue and an aesthetically appropriate correction. Successful, three-dimensional sculpting requires attention to patient preparation, meticulous planning, and fastidious photographic evaluation. The potential applications in aesthetic and reconstructive surgeries of this new tool are profound. Lipostructure represents an important advance in plastic surgery: a safe, long-lasting method of recontouring the face with autologous tissue.
A tube type diffusion dosimeter was developed for sulfur dioxide. The dosimeter can be fabricated by the user from inexpensive, easily available materials. The design incorporates a tube diffusion element, liquid absorption reservoir and a porous plastic mass transfer element. The design was verified by exposure chamber tests using constant and fluctuating gas concentrations. Field testing was conducted using a NIOSH bubbler method for comparison. Laboratory and field tests confirmed that the dosimeter was reliable for sulfur dioxide concentrations between 2.5 and 15 ppm. However, to retain accuracy, exposed dosimeters require refrigeration and laboratory analysis within 24 hours after use.
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In a between-groups design, an instrumental contingency was superimposed on classical conditioning of the rabbit nictitating membrane response. Subjects were exposed to a tonal conditioned stimulus (CS) and, if no conditioned response (CR) occurred, a 5.0-ma. paraorbital electric shock unconditioned stimulus (US). USs of 5.0, 3.3, 1.7, and 0.0 ma., respectively, were contingent on occurrence of a CR in the CS-US interval for subjects in the 4 groups of the experiment. The group exposed to contingent US omission differed from the other 3 groups in percentage CR, onset latency, amplitude, and 2 indices of CR form, and those 3 groups generally did not differ significantly among themselves on these dependent variables. Results were interpreted to be contrary to "law of effect" formulations of classical conditioning.
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To document the amount and rate of re-absorption of fatty tissue transplanted using the author's technique, the author initiated controlled studies in 1987. A selected crease was infiltrated with autologous fatty tissue using a nearby crease as control. At specific time intervals the infiltrated crease was compared to the nearby control crease to evaluate percentage of recurrence. Photographs were taken in the first week, then at least yearly over six years. All views, all positions of the mouth, and all lighting situations demonstrated the continued absence of any crease in the area of infiltration. In contrast, the nearby control crease remained unchanged or deepened from its preoperative condition, giving every indication of a permanent correction. This experiment demonstrates the potential lasting nature of corrections performed with the transplantation of fatty tissue and is supported by over 400 infiltrations into the nasolabial folds in the author's practice.
In this article, the visibility of Pavlov and of Watson in American psychology are compared, and the periods of their respective influence are specified with greater precision than is afforded by merely impressionistic methods. The author also critically examines the possibility that the early history of the American classic-conditioning enterprise involved a succession of two phases: a Watsonian/speculative phase and a Pavlovian/empirical phase. In conclusion, the author assesses the possibility that the publication of Pavlov's Conditioned Reflexes (1927) "stimulated" scholarly work on Pavlovian conditioning, and finds this proposition lacking empirical support.
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Classical conditioning and extinction of the rabbit nictitating membrane response was investigated under 100 per cent, and two 50 per cent reinforcement conditions (50% equated total trials, and 50% equated reinforced trials) at average intertrial intervals (ITIs) of 30 and 60 sec. It was found that: (1) partial reinforcement reduced the rate of conditioning, but all groups eventually attained asymptomatic performance levels near 100 per cent; (2) first-order and second-order conditional probabilities following reinforced and nonreinforced trials were virtually identical; and (3) no partial reinforcement extinction effect (PREE) was observed.