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Biomedical subjects

S R Cooperband

Publications and source records attributed to S R Cooperband.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1985

Modification of immunogenic tumor growth by adrenalectomy in a syngeneic murine system.

The immunosuppressive action of adrenal glucocorticosteroids is well-known, and depressed cell-mediated immunity and adrenal cortical hyperplasia have been described in tumor-bearing animals. This study was designed to evaluate the effect of removing the source of lympholytic steroids by adrenalectomy upon tumor growth rate, thymus weight, and thymocyte incorporation of iodine 125 (125I) deoxyuridine into DNA. Newly derived methylcholanthrene-induced immunogenic fibrosarcomas were used in male syngeneic mice. Log dosages of 10(4), 10(5), and 10(6) viable tumor cells as single cell suspension were injected subcutaneously into the popliteal space of adrenalectomized and control mice. Tumor size was followed serially with caliper measurements, and the animals were killed 4 weeks after inoculation. Adrenalectomized mice inoculated with 10(4) cells had smaller tumors (P less than 0.02), heavier thymi (P less than 0.01), and more thymic DNA synthesis (P less than 0.05) than their tumor-bearing controls. No differences were seen between populations receiving 10(5) or 10(6) tumor cell inoculations. A second experiment was carried out in which intact controls, adrenalectomized animals, and sham adrenalectomy animals were inoculated with 10(4) tumor cells and killed 28 days later. Tumor growth rate and volume were significantly decreased for the adrenalectomized mice, which had higher thymus weights and DNA synthesis. These findings suggest that pretreatment adrenalectomy slows the growth of antigenic tumor cells and prevents thymic involution after tumor growth in a syngeneic murine system.

Adrenalectomy↗
PubMed1983

Serological detection of common human melanoma membrane antigens by microcomplement fixation and immunofluorescence.

An antiserum to human melanoma antigens was obtained from a melanoma patient after immunization with autologous irradiated cultured melanoma cells and bacillus Calmette-Guerin. Using the microcomplement fixation assay, the antiserum, at a titer of 1/1,800, was noted to bind strongly with 7 of 10 allogeneic cultured human melanoma cells lines. However, using the indirect immunofluorescence test and serum at a much lower titer (1/8), only 3 of the 10 melanoma cell lines were positive. Using both microcomplement fixation and indirect immunofluorescence, no significant reactivity was noted in several nonmelanoma cell lines including Hela, human lung adenocarcinoma, human prostatic carcinoma, WI-38 and VA-13 cell lines. These data suggest that common melanoma membrane antigens exist on 7 of 10 cultured human melanoma cell lines as tested by microcomplement fixation and that this assay is more sensitive than immunofluorescence. These common melanoma membrane antigens may eventually be extracted, purified and used for specific immunodiagnosis and immunotherapy.

Antigens, Neoplasm↗
PubMed1982

In vivo delayed hypersensitivity reactions to partially purified human melanoma antigens.

Sera from patients receiving autologous cell immunization were shown to contain antibody specific for melanoma cells by immunofluorescence, microcomplement fixation, and mixed hemadsorption. These hyperimmune specific sera were used to define antigens shed into tissue culture media from human malignant melanoma cells. When supernatants from cultured melanoma cells were passed over a Sephadex G-200 column, melanoma antigens were found in Peak 2. The active fraction was further purified by carboxymethylcellulose ion exchanger and found in the 0.4 M NaCl gradient. This fraction has been tested in four immunized patients and in one nonimmunized melanoma patient. All five patients developed lymphocytic vasculitis compatible with delayed hypersensitivity reaction. These antigens should be of benefit in studying delayed hypersensitivity in melanoma patients and as potential agents for specific immunotherapy.

Adult↗
PubMed1981

Depressed spontaneous cellular cytotoxicity associated with normal or enhanced antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity in patients on chronic haemodialysis.

Lymphocyte function as assessed by spontaneous cellular cytotoxicity (NK) and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) was studied in a group of 23 patients with end-stage renal disease who were being maintained on haemodialysis. The mononuclear cells from 12 (50%) of these patients were markedly reduced in their ability to effect NK activity. When mononuclear cells from 13 patients were examined for ADCC activity, however, only two displayed reduced cytotoxicity. The remainder showed either normal or enhanced ADCC activity against erythrocyte targets. Five patients with consistently low NK cell function demonstrated a significantly enhanced ADCC function when compared with normal controls. Several patients were tested repeatedly over a period of 6 months and we found that these two mononuclear cell functions remained consistent during this time. A reduction in NK activity may reflect a lessened capability for immunosurveillance in these patients.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

Effect of different fixatives on the localization of human melanoma antigens by immunofluorescence.

This study was designed to study the effect of different fixatives on melanoma antigens by immunofluorescence. Two postautoimmune antimelanoma sera were tested on two human malignant melanoma cell lines fixed with different fixatives by indirect immunofluorescence. Ethanol, methanol, formalin, trichloroacetic acid and acetone gave sharp membrane fluorescence. Minimal to moderate cytoplasmic fluorescence was seen with acetone but none with the others. Formalin gave the highest membrane fluorescent antibody titers at 1/512. Isopentane and isooctane yielded bright cytoplasmic fluorescence. Weak diffuse cytoplasmic fluorescence was seen with glutaraldehyde. Fluorescence was completely abrogated by paraformaldehyde. No fluorescence was seen with four nonimmunized melanoma sera and phosphate-buffered saline when used as controls. It can be concluded that different fluorescent patterns were seen on melanoma cells when different fixatives were used.

Antibodies, Neoplasm↗
PubMed1979

Antibody-induced movement of common melanoma membrane antigens on the surface of unfixed human melanoma cells.

Antisera to common human melanoma antigens were obtained from melanoma patients receiving autologous immunization with their own irradiated cultured melanoma cells and Bacillus Calmette-Guérin. The antibody thus derived was used to detect common antigens on the plasma membrane of three different human melanoma cell lines by membrane immunofluorescence. The antigen-antibody complexes on the surface of melanoma cells would move to a pole (capping) and would subsequently be extruded into the extracellular milieu at room temperature. Approximately 25 to 30% of viable cells were positive by immunofluorescence. However, when the cells were fixed with methanol, 60 to 70% of cells demonstrated membrane binding. Capping was inhibited at 0 degrees or when the cells were pretreated with vinblastine sulfate. It can be concluded that common tumor antigens exist on the surface of viable human melanoma cells and that the redistribution of antigen-antibody complexes is an active process. The extrusion of antigen-antibody complexes in vitro may represent a mechanism of antigenic modulation in vivo and could indicate a basic method of tumor survival since presumably the antigen-denuded cell is viable and capable of replication but not of recognition by subsequent effector immune events.

Antibodies, Neoplasm↗
PubMed1978

Isolation of a bone-resorptive factor from human cancer ascites fluid.

A protein fraction that induces the resorption of bone explants in organ culture was isolated from the ascitic fluid of patients with advanced cancer metastatic to the peritoneal cavity. Partial purification was achieved by means of gel filtration, affinity chromatography, and ion-exchange chromatography. The isolated fraction, the components of which have an apparent molecular weight of 60,000, was found to be heterogeneous by disc gel electrophoresis and to be composed primarily of proteins with relatively acidic electrophoretic properties. The specific bone-resorptive activity of this protein fraction was greatly increased over that of the unfractionated starting material, and the activity could be completely destroyed upon incubation with pronase and on heating. As determined by immunoassay and extraction procedures with various solvents, the bone-resorptive action of the isolated fraction was not attributable to the presence of parathyroid hormone, prostaglandin E2 or vitamin D-like sterols. In parallel experiments the supernatants of phytohemagglutinin-stimulated normal human peripheral leukocytes were subjected to identical chromatographic techniques, and a proten fraction with a molecular weight of 60,000, which resembled the resorptive fraction isolated from cancer ascites fluid and which contained significant bone-resorptive activity, was also partially purified.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

In vitro activation of suppressor cells from spleens of mice treated with radioactive strontium.

Mice were treated with two 100-muCi injections of 89Sr to deplete marrow-dependent (M) cells. Mice so treated responded normally to immunization with sheep red blood cells (SRBC) in vivo; moreover, spleen cells from 89Sr-treated mice were able to respond to SRBC after infusion into irradiated recipient mice. However, spleen cells from mice treated with 89Sr did not respond to SRBC in vitro and mixtures of normal spleen cells with the latter were also not able to respond in vitro. The discrepancy between in vivo and in vitro responses was abolished by culturing spleen cells for 24 hr before testing their ability to respond to SRBC in the adoptive transfer in vivo. Pretreatment of spleen cells from 89Sr-treated mice with 1000 R of gamma-radiation lessened their suppressive activity. The suppressor cells were detected in spleens of athymic nude mice treated with 89Sr. The suppressive activity, after the 24-hr culture period, was not abolished by irradiation and was active in vivo as well as in vitro. Thus, depletion of M cells by 89Sr results in the appearance within the spleen of thymus-independent suppressor cells, which require a short period of in vitro cultivation before becoming functionally active.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Immunosuppressive activity and tissue polypeptide antigen content of human ascitic fluids.

Ascitic fluids from patients with cancer, cirrhosis, and congestive heart failure and from a patient with noninfectious tuberculosis contain measurable levels of tissue polypeptide antigen (TPA). Only the cancer patients had levels higher than 2.0 microgram TPA per ml. The average TPA levels of 29 cancer patients was 6.4 microgram/ml compared to 0.9 microgram/ml for the controls. Seventeen of 22 cancer ascitic fluids and 7 of 9 fluids from patients with liver disease were immunosuppressive as measured by the inhibition of [3H]thymidine incorporation into phytohemagglutinin-stimulated lymphocytes. Fluids from a patient with congestive heart failure and a patient with noninfectious tuberculosis were not suppressive. We were unable to obtain a significant correlation coefficient between immunosuppression and TPA levels in these fluids. In addition, TPA levels remained constant over a period of 18 months of testing, whereas the in vitro immunosuppressive activity was lost in 9 to 10 months. Sephadex G-200 fractionation of the ascitic fluid resulted in the TPA and immunosuppressive activity eluting in the first large molecular weight peak from the column. Although the 2 activities eluted together in this fractionation, the data suggest that TPA is not responsible for the immunosuppression.

Antigens↗
PubMed1977

Enrichment of the murine natural killer (NK) and mitogen induced cellular cytotoxicity (MICC) cells using preparative free-flow high voltage electrophoresis.

A procedure using preparative free-flow high voltage electrophoresis is described for the fractionation of murine spleen and bone marrow cells so as to obtain cell subpopulations that are either enriched in or depleted of "natural killer" (NK) cells and "mitogen-induced cellular cytotoxicity" (MICC) effector cells. A nearly three fold enrichment in the NK and MICC activities of spleen cells was achieved. The enrichment in these cells could be further increased if the phagocytic cells were removed prior to electrophoresis. When bone marrow cells were fractionated a two and a half fold increase of NK activity, and a one and a half fold enrichment of MICC activity was achieved. In both cases, other fractions were nearly devoid of NK and MICC activity. The cell recovery after electrophoresis averages 70% of the cells applied, and at least 90% of these cells were viable. MICC and NK effector cells could not be separated to a useful extent electrophoretically but were found to be separable using Sephadex C-10 gel filtration columns. The MICC but not the NK cells were retained on these columns.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Immunosuppressive activity of ascitic fluid from patients with cancer metastatic to the peritoneum.

We have examined the immunosuppressive effects of ascitic fluids from patients with advanced cancer metastatic to the peritoneum and compared them with noncancerous abdominal or pleural effusions, serum from cancer patients, or the proteins human serum albumin and bovine gamma-globulin. The ascitic fluids from cancer patients produce a nontoxic, dose-dependent suppression of DNA and protein synthesis of phytohemagglutinin-stimulated human peripheral blood lymphocytes. This suppression reached 100% with an ascitic protein concentration of 4 to 6 mg/ml, whereas control effusions, serum from cancer patients, or added extraneous proteins were not suppressive. Ascitic proteins also suppress the mixed lymphocyte reaction and the response of human peripheral blood lymphocytes to the antigen keyhold limpet hemocyanin, in vivo, the primary plaque-forming response to sheep red blood cells in mice could be suppressed, and this suppression was not due to antigenic competition.

Adult↗
PubMed1977

Characterization of antigen-binding receptors in vitro. II. Antigen-binding capacity and affinity of lymphoid receptors after immunization.

We examined the kinetics and affinity of antigen binding in lymphoid populations in mice after immunization. There is increased binding capacity in lymphoid cells from animals that have undergone primary immunization. This increase would seem to be related to increased numbers of antigen-binding cells (rosette-forming cells). The serum antibody titers rise after the increasing binding capacity and numbers of BSA rosette-forming cells have increased. There is an increased amount of antigen bound per antigen-binding cell at certain times after immunization with two peaks in this capacity being demonstrable--one occurring at 4 days after immunization and the second occurring approximately 12 days after immunization and persisting for prolonged periods after that. With time, after immunization two separable peaks of increased antigen-binding cells become apparent, one very early (before Day 4) and one later (after Day 20 to 30). The affinity constants for antigen-binding cells have been measured and found to be high, and to increase with time after immunization. It appears that the heterogeneity of the affinity constants for antigen-binding cells is high early in immunity and becomes more homogeneous with time after immunization.

Animals↗