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Biomedical subjects

S R Gold

Publications and source records attributed to S R Gold.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2001

Childhood abuse and premilitary sexual assault in male Navy recruits.

Three samples of male U.S. Navy recruits (N = 7,850) were surveyed to determine whether a history of childhood physical abuse (CPA) or childhood sexual abuse (CSA) was predictive of premilitary rape of women and whether these relationships were mediated by alcohol problems and number of sex partners. In the 3 samples, 11.3%, 11.6%, and 9.9% of men reported committing premilitary rape. When demographic factors were controlled for, both CPA and CSA were independently and additively predictive of rape in each sample, with men who experienced both forms of abuse showing the highest risk of committing rape. Additional analyses revealed that alcohol problems and number of sex partners significantly mediated the relationship between childhood abuse (CPA and CSA) and rape perpetration.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Predicting the impact of child sexual abuse on women: the role of abuse severity, parental support, and coping strategies.

Female Navy recruits (N = 5,226) completed surveys assessing history of childhood sexual abuse (CSA), childhood strategies for coping with CSA, childhood parental support, and current psychological adjustment. Both CSA and parental support independently predicted later adjustment. In analyses examining whether CSA victims' functioning was associated with CSA severity (indexed by 5 variables), parental support (indexed by 3 variables), and coping (constructive, self-destructive, and avoidant), the negative coping variables were the strongest predictors. A structural equation model revealed that the effect of abuse severity on later functioning was partially mediated by coping strategies. However. contrary to predictions, the model revealed that childhood parental support had little direct or indirect impact on adult adjustment.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1999

Childhood abuse and sexual revictimization in a female Navy recruit sample.

To examine effects of childhood abuse on adult rape, 1,887 female Navy recruits were surveyed. Overall 35% of recruits had been raped and 57% had experienced childhood physical abuse (CPA) and/or childhood sexual abuse (CSA). Controlling for CPA, rape was significantly (4.8 times) more likely among women who had experienced CSA than among women who had not. In contrast, CPA (controlling for CSA) was unrelated to likelihood of adult rape. Alcohol problems and number of sex partners were examined as mediators. Although both variables predicted rape, their effects were independent of the effects of CSA. Finally, despite ethnic group differences in the prevalence of victimization, the predictors of rape did not differ significantly across ethnic groups.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Prevalence of premilitary adult sexual victimization and aggression in a Navy recruit sample.

U.S. Navy recruits (n = 3,776) were surveyed for premilitary histories of adult sexual assault. They completed a survey designed to estimate rates for experiences as victims (women) and perpetrators (men) of attempted and completed rape since the age of 14. The results show that 45.5% of the women reported being the victim of attempted (9.4%) or completed rape (36.1%) before entering the Navy. Male recruits' self-reports indicated that 14.8% admitted perpetrating attempted (3.5%) or completed rape (11.3%) before entering the Navy. A high percentage of recruits in this study reported histories of sexual assault. Female victims of sexual assault are at high risk of incurring somatic and/or psychological problems that require treatment by health care professionals. Male perpetrators of sexual assault are at high risk of repeating their behavior. The results of this study suggest that it may be cost-effective to develop treatment education, and prevention programs for military recruits.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

The role of blame, distress, and anger in the hypermasculine man.

Research has demonstrated an association between the hypermasculine personality pattern and a history of sexually aggressive behavior. This study was conducted to examine emotions experienced by hypermasculine or macho men when prevented from attaining a goal relevant to their sense of attractiveness and sexuality by a woman. It was hypothesized that macho males would respond to high and moderate threats to their masculine identity with greater blame and anger than nonmacho males. Macho men's blame was hypothesized to mediate the transformation of negative emotions such as distress into anger. After screening with the Hypermasculinity Inventory, 34 high hypermasculine and 36 low hypermasculine men were assigned to one of three experimental conditions in which the feedback received from a female partner was either highly threatening, moderately threatening, or neutral in nature. Measures of emotion and blame were collected after the men received their feedback. Results of the study indicated that macho and nonmacho men differed only in the moderate threat condition. Macho men in this condition reported greater anger yet less blame than the nonmacho men. The pattern of results is most consistent with Berkowitz's cognitive-neoassociationistic model of emotion, which does not require blame for anger to occur, as does Lazaru's cognitive-motivational-relational theory of emotion. Results of the study suggest that anger in macho men is associated with the level of surprise in a situation.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

The psychological impact of withholding disclosure of child sexual abuse.

Researchers have found equivocal results with respect to whether the disclosure of child sexual abuse is helpful or not. The threat of harm as well as the possibility of being humiliated, not believed, or blamed, render the disclosure of child sexual abuse difficult for some victims. Suppressing of traumatic events has been linked to negative health effects. The current study investigated the relationship between the inability to fully disclose the abuse and subsequent traumatic symptomatology. Questionnaires including the Trauma Symptom Checklist 40, the Child Sexual Experiences Questionnaire, and the Parental Support Scale were completed by 204 victims of child sexual abuse. Multiple regression analyses were performed using traumatic symptomatology as the dependent variable. The extent to which a victim wanted to tell about the abuse but held back from doing so and the severity of the abuse were related to adult symptomatology. Findings suggest that victims enduring more severe abuse are more likely to hold back from fully disclosing the abuse which is associated with more trauma-related symptoms.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

The efficacy of tympanic electrocochleography in the diagnosis of endolymphatic hydrops.

Electrocochleography (ECoG), an objective electrophysiologic test, is useful in the clinical diagnosis of endolymphatic hydrops. The purpose of this study was further to define the role of ECoG in the diagnosis of this disease. A retrospective chart review of 100 patients undergoing tympanic ECoG was undertaken comparing symptoms, degree of hearing loss, duration of disease, and diagnosis with ECoG results. The apparent sensitivity and specificity of ECoG in the diagnosis of endolymphatic hydrops were determined to be 57% and 94%, respectively. Three of 30 positive ECoG results were falsely positive. Fluctuating hearing loss and the degree of hearing loss (< 40 dB) and duration of disease (< 48 months) were statistically significant in predicting positive ECoG results. We conclude that a positive ECoG result is helpful in objectively confirming the disease. However, a negative result does not rule out hydrops.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Effects of feedback on emotion in hypermasculine males.

Sexual aggression is a common problem on college campuses. The purpose of the present study was to examine the effects of a personality construct, "hypermasculinity," and anger on sexual aggression. One hundred and thirty-seven males completed hypermasculinity, anger, and past sexual aggression measures. The subjects who scored in the upper and lower thirds on the hypermasculinity measure were then randomly assigned to guided imagery conditions in which they received negative, neutral, or positive feedback from a woman. Analysis indicated that hypermasculine men who receive negative feedback responded with more anger and less empathy than nonhypermasculine men. In addition, those who scored high on both anger and hypermasculinity measures were most likely to self-report that they had engaged in sexually aggressive acts. The results are discussed in terms of hypermasculine men's increased risk of sexually aggressive behavior.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Fat myringoplasty in the guinea pig.

Fat myringoplasty is a simple office technique for repairing tympanic membrane perforations. It involves wedging a piece of fat from the ear lobule into the perforation. A search of the literature failed to reveal any controlled studies on the efficacy of this method, which may allow patients to avoid more invasive procedures. Controlled perforations in guinea pig tympanic membranes were treated with fat myringoplasties, paper patches, or no intervention. Four weeks following the procedures, ears were examined and photographed under the microscope and studied histologically. The fat myringoplasty healing rate exceeded the rates of both the control and paper-patch groups. Results were stratified with respect to location and size of perforations. The results and histological studies suggest that controlled studies in humans are warranted.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1991

Pseudohypacusis in a military population.

Pseudohypacusis, or non-organic hearing loss, was investigated as a possible marker for poor adaptation within the military environment. Eighteen active duty military patients who demonstrated pseudohypacusis were identified retrospectively from among all patients who underwent audiological evaluation at Naval Hospital, San Diego, during 1988. A control group of 33 patients with normal hearing was also randomly selected from the same population. Age, rank and military status one to two years later were compared, showing a significant difference between the groups in the rates of premature separation from the military. The results suggest that pseudohypacusis in a new recruit is a strong indicator that the subject may be separated prematurely from active duty in the military; this implies that it may be cost-effective for these patients to be separated from duty as soon as the diagnosis is made. Other trends in the data are discussed, and the literature is reviewed. The problem of pseudohypacusis as a method of increasing Veterans Association benefits is discussed. The signs of pseudohypacusis are important for all clinicians involved in audiological testing in order to make a correct diagnosis, avoid costly medical workup and refer affected patients for psychiatric evaluation when indicated.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

History of child sexual abuse and adult sexual fantasies.

The study investigated the hypothesis that women with a history of childhood sexual abuse would report different sexual fantasies from women with no childhood sexual abuse. Women with a history of abuse had more force in their fantasies, had more sexually explicit fantasies, began having sexual fantasies at a younger age, and had more fantasies with the theme of being under someone's control. Women with a history of childhood physical abuse did not have a similar pattern. It was suggested that the sexual fantasies may reflect the sexualizing effect of childhood sexual experiences and that fantasies of the abusive experience may become intrusive.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Daydreaming and curiosity: stability and change in gifted children and adolescents.

Developmental differences in daydreaming and curiosity based on cross-sectional data have been reported, but longitudinal data are lacking. Patterns of longitudinal stability and change in two intellectual styles, daydreaming and curiosity, in gifted children and adolescents are described in this paper. Seventy-four intellectually gifted children attended a special program during two consecutive summers. Self-reports of their frequency of and attitudes toward daydreaming and two measures of their curiosity were obtained each year. The findings suggest a pattern of both change and stability in intellectual styles over time. Measures which tap the content of daydreams changed over time, but measures of process or ways of relating to the environment, such as curiosity and frequency of daydreaming, were fairly stable.

Achievement↗
PubMed1988

Convergent validity of the Child Abuse Potential Inventory.

The convergent validity of the Child Abuse Potential Inventory (CAP) was investigated (N = 254). Because the CAP was designed to measure elements of individual pathology and interactional problems related to physical child abuse, it was predicted that CAP scores would be related to a measure of psychological status, the Mental Health Index (MHI). Specifically, it was predicted that the CAP would be correlated positively with MHI measures of psychological distress and, to a lesser degree, correlated inversely with MHI measures of psychological well-being. Because the CAP measures variables predictive of abusive behavior, a substantial relationship was expected between the CAP and the MHI Loss of Behavioral/Emotional Control scale. All hypotheses were supported.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Worry and emotionality components of test anxiety.

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the relationship between trait measures of Worry and Emotionality and test anxiety related variables. Ninety-eight undergraduate students completed the Test Anxiety Inventory (TAI) and the following self-report measures toward the end of the psychology exam: Checklist of Positive and Negative Thought, Checklist of Body Sensations (CBS), and Subjective Units of Discomfort Scale (SUDS). Further, the students' scores on the psychology exam and the students' grade point averages (GPA) served as outcome measures of test anxiety. In general the results supported the discriminant validity of the Worry and Emotionality subscales of the TAI. Worry was found to be correlated with measures of internal dialogue and Emotionality was found to be correlated with the self-reported arousal measures.

Achievement↗
PubMed1982

Imagery elaboration and clarity in modifying college students' depression.

Examined the relationship between clarity of imagery and depression reduction and determined whether Ss who elaborated on positive fantasies were more successful in therapy than those Ss who merely practiced positive daydreams. Thirty depressed college females were pretested with the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), randomly assigned to one of three groups for a 3-week period, and then were posttested with the BDI. The groups were a no treatment control, a positive imagery group, and a positive imagery group who elaborated on their daydreams. Ss were asked to rate the clarity of imagery on a scale from 1 to 10. Analysis of covariance found no significant treatment effect, but vividness of imagery was correlated significantly with depression reduction.

Adult↗