Biomedical subjects
Publications and source records attributed to S R Jenkins.
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Previous findings by D. G. Winter (1988) relating the need for Power to choice and attainment of power-relevant careers (teaching, including college; psychotherapy; journalism; and business management) were successfully replicated among 118 female collage seniors, 69 of whom returned mailed questionnaires 14 years later. High n Power women reported both more power-relevant job satisfaction and dissatisfaction; n Power predicted career progression only for women in power-relevant careers. Those women holding relational power jobs and those in structural power roles who reported higher overall job satisfaction increased in n Power over 14 years. Power-motivated women in different structural power roles reported contrasting satisfactions and career progression.
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Geographical and temporal trends in reports of rabid raccoons (Procyon lotor) in Virginia were summarized for 1984 to 1989; 3,256 raccoons were submitted for rabies testing, of which 1,053 (32.3%) had rabies. Both the absolute number of rabid raccoons and the percent of rabid raccoons (number rabid divided by number submitted) were examined for seasonal and yearly trends. Geographically, the epidemic moved eastward and southward in the state. The seasonal trend showed bimodal peaks in late winter and early fall and a seasonal low in summer. The percent of rabies positive raccoons peaked 1 mo earlier than the absolute number of rabies positive raccoons. The peak in the number of rabies positive raccoons occurred in 1987, while the percent of rabies positive raccoons peaked in 1986. These trends were used to recommend timing and placement of oral vaccine as one strategy to control raccoon rabies in wildlife.
An outbreak of meningococcal disease among children on a school bus offered the opportunity to study a proposed association between this infection and preceding influenza infection. Five students who rode the bus became ill with invasive group C meningococcus. Transmission was limited to the bus; there was no evidence for school transmission. All five students reported influenza-like symptoms within several weeks before the development of meningococcal disease. School absenteeism, principally due to upper respiratory tract illness, was higher during the 3 weeks before the outbreak of meningococcal disease than during any period in the preceding 3 1/2 years, suggesting an unusually severe outbreak of respiratory illness. A case-control study comparing students with and without influenza symptoms revealed that the outbreak of respiratory disease was due to B/Ann Arbor/1/86 influenza (geometric mean titers, 86 for 80 patients and 33 for 47 controls [P = .0007]). These data add to the evidence suggesting that influenza respiratory infection predisposes to meningococcal disease.
In summer 1986, a study was conducted to evaluate raccoon (Procyon lotor) acceptance of oral baits that could be used for rabies vaccination. One thousand wax-coated sponge bait cubes were filled with 5 mg of a seromarker (iophenoxic acid), placed in polyethylene bags, and hand-distributed in an 80 ha area within an urban National Park in Washington, D. C. (USA). After 3 wk, target and nontarget animals were trapped and blood samples collected to evaluate bait uptake. Thirty-three of 52 (63%) raccoons had elevated blood iodine levels indicating they had eaten at least one bait, 13 (25%) were negative, and six (12%) had marginal values. These results indicate that sponge baits hand-placed at a density of 12.4/ha can reach a significant proportion of an urban raccoon population. Implications for oral rabies vaccination of raccoons are discussed.
This study evaluates a technique for delivering an oral rabies vaccine to wild raccoon (Procyon lotor) populations. Various baits and attractants were first tested on caged raccoons and baiting trials were then conducted in two distinct physiographic regions of Virginia (USA), the coastal plain and the Piedmont plateau. Raccoon population density studies preceded the field trials. Each polyurethane sponge bait distributed contained approximately 200 mg tetracycline as a tissue biomarker, and was presented in an outer bag with a fish-based attractant. Baits were frozen until used and distributed from an aeroplane throughout two 4-km2 sites in each region. One site received 450 baits/km2 and the other 120 baits/km2. Postbaiting evaluation included the direct observation of baits in the field and the examination of teeth and bone from trapped and hunted animals for evidence of the biomarker. Between 30% and 73% of the captured animals showed evidence of bait consumption. The proportion of animals with evidence of bait uptake changed when areas adjacent to the actual baiting site were included. The percentage of animals taking baits was not related to the density of baits that were distributed.
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Previous research has demonstrated that achievement-motivated people perform better under working conditions of challenge, autonomy, and rapid feedback. These achievement-congenial conditions characterize entrepreneurial business and, among those occupations traditionally filled by women, teaching. Achievement motivation was measured in 117 women as college seniors and again 14 years later. Senior-year achievement motivation predicted later employment in teaching (including college). Career-involved women who had been highly achievement-motivated in college valued status mobility and working with people and reported job satisfaction from competition with a standard of excellence; however, women in different career situations differed in the relations between their achievement motivation in college and their later work values, job perceptions, and sources of satisfaction. Women highly achievement-motivated in adulthood valued achievement-congenial working conditions and status mobility and described job satisfaction from competition with a standard of excellence, especially if they were supervisors. Professors and businesswomen showed larger increases in achievement motivation over 14 years than did women otherwise employed. Thus, achievement motivation predicts women's career outcomes when their values and work situations, along with sex-differentiated occupational structures, are considered. Occupational structure effects on motives over time are discussed.
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During 1982 and 1983, the Centers for Disease Control and cooperating Middle Atlantic States and local health departments collected data on 1,610 raccoons that were submitted for rabies testing and on 133 persons who received rabies postexposure prophylaxis as a result of exposure to wild animals. Raccoons were found most commonly in yards and residential areas. Raccoons that were killed by private citizens, animal-control personnel, or dogs had the highest positivity rate (70%), and those that were trapped had the lowest (9%). Raccoons that were found during the day or that exhibited abnormal behavior and those that had interacted with a domestic animal were more likely to be rabid. Examination of the data on human exposure disclosed that many exposures could have been avoided or prevented. Almost 50% of postexposure treatments were administered to persons whose actual risk of exposure was low or nonexistent.
A review of surveillance data on animal rabies from the Centers for Disease Control revealed 104 cases of rabies in rodents and lagomorphs for 1971 through 1984 in the United States; 80% of these were reported between 1980 and 1984. Woodchucks (Marmota monax) accounted for 64% of the cases. Most of the cases of rabies in woodchucks were associated with an epizootic of rabies in raccoons (Procyon lotor) in the mid-Atlantic states. In rabies endemic areas, humans exposed to woodchucks should receive rabies postexposure prophylaxis if the animal is not available for testing. The decision to administer postexposure prophylaxis to humans exposed to other rodents and lagomorphs should take into consideration the epidemiology of rabies in the exposing species.
Primarily as a result of organized canine rabies vaccination, leash laws, and other preventive procedures aimed at the canine population, the number of rabid dogs decreased markedly in the last thirty years (Figure 10). This decrease was accompanied by a similar marked reduction in human rabies (Table 2, Figure 11). As domestic animal rabies declined, rabies in wildlife increased. Since 1958 the number of cases of rabid wildlife surpassed domestic rabies cases, and today they account for over 85% of all reported rabies cases. In 1983, a total of 5,880 laboratory-confirmed cases of rabies in the United States and its territories were reported to CDC-a decline of 398 cases compared with 1982 (7) (Table 1). The total number of cases decreased for the second consecutive year. The 13% decline in 1982 was followed by a 6.4% decline in 1983. This decrease in cases, however, was not reported by all states. The four Mid-Atlantic states--Maryland, Pennsylvania, Virginia, and West Virginia--and the District of Columbia actually experienced an 83% increase in cases. These states and the District of Columbia reported 1,903 cases in 1983 (compared with 1,040 cases in 1982) which accounted for approximately one-third (32.4%) of all rabies cases nationally.
To examine the relationship between sex role and gender identity, the Bem Sex-Role Inventory (BSRI) was given to 72 self-defined transsexuals [55 male-to-female (M-F), 17 female-to-male (F-M)]. The F-Ms scored primarily masculine sex typed (six) or androgynous (six). The modal M-F scored faminine sex typed (33). The distribution of F-Ms across the four BSRI categories did not differ significantly from Bem's normative college student male distribution [chi2(3) = 2.30, p greater than 0.50] but was marginally different from that of Bem's females [chi2(3) = 6.45, p less than 0.10]. The distribution of M-Fs was significantly different from that of both college females [chi2(3) = 19.71, p less than 0.001] and males [chi2 (3) = 88.72, p less than 0.0001], because of the very high proportion of feminine sex-typed M-Fs. Psychometric data on the BSRI are presented. The score patterns of the transsexuals are compared to those from the clinical literature, and implications of the data for the relationship between gender identity and sex role are discussed.
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