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S R Preblud

Publications and source records attributed to S R Preblud.

83 records · Page 5Linked to original sources
PubMed1978

Current status of mumps and mumps vaccine in the United States.

Reported mumps in the United States has declined to all-time low levels following the increasingly widespread use of mumps-virus vaccine. Mumps vaccine has proven safe and effective. Its incorporation into combined live-virus vaccines, especially measles-mumps-rubella, has made mumps vaccination a practical and economically feasible component of routine immunization activities. Because of the favorable experience to date with mumps vaccine and the associated drop in mumps morbidity and mortality, mumps control programs likely will receive increasing public health attention in the coming years.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Universal immunization to interrupt rubella.

The aim of universal immunization is to control congenital rubella syndrome by interrupting transmission of rubella virus among young children through immunization of all children, male and female, on or after their first birthday, thereby decreasing the chances that a susceptible pregnant woman would be exposed to the virus. Concerns about rubella vaccine (durability of protection, safety, and communicability) no longer determine the choice of universal vs. selective immunization. Rather, the cost of vaccine, the accessibility of the target populations, and the vaccine coverage attainable in practice influence the choice of strategy. Either universal or selective immunization should, if properly implemented, eventually control rubella and congenital rubella infection. However, the choice of universal immunization recognizes the difficulty involved in immunizing 100% of the women of childbearing age, and the universal strategy offers the advantage of rapidly reducing congenital rubella infection by interrupting transmission and provides early protection to unvaccinated individuals by reducing their risk of exposure.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Methods of assessing the impact of congenital rubella infection.

Monitoring of congenital rubella infection (CRI) involves measuring the assessable outcomes of infection of the pregnant woman. These assessable outcomes are infection itself, therapeutic abortion, and birth of infants with congenital rubella syndrome (CRS). The incidence of infections can be estimated with use of data on age-specific occurrence of acquired rubella or acquisition of antibody in females and on fertility rates. The incidence of CRS can be estimated from data on infections of pregnant women and reports in the literature of incidence rates of CRS among infants born of infected mothers. Surveillance of CRS can involve individual case detection or serosurveys among populations with defects characteristic of CRS, such as deafness, and among comparison groups. To assess the impact of CRI, countries without rubella control programs should estimate the frequency of infections in pregnant women from existing surveillance data or determine by serosurveys the susceptibility and/or age-specific acquisition of rubella antibody in postpubertal females. Countries with rubella control programs should monitor cases of acquired rubella and/or prevalence of seropositivity in postpubertal females, therapeutic abortions, and CRS to assess effectiveness of the program and to determine high-risk populations that should be targets of intense vaccination programs.

Abortion, Spontaneous↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Fetal risk associated with rubella vaccine: an update.

One hundred nineteen women susceptible to rubella received RA27/3 vaccine, 94 received either Cendehill or HPV-77 vaccine, and one received a vaccine of unknown strain in the three months before or after their estimated date of conception. They gave birth to 216 living infants free of abnormalities compatible with the congenital rubella syndrome (CRS). The maximum theoretical risk for CRS for these infants was 1.7%. Four of these infants born to susceptible women had laboratory evidence of subclinical infection (three after receiving Cendehill or HPV-77 vaccines and one after receiving RA27/3 vaccine) but were normal at birth and at subsequent follow-up examinations. Rubella virus was isolated from the products of conception for only 3% (1 of 32) of cases involving susceptible women who received RA27/3 vaccine; the reported rate of virus isolation for Cendehill and HPV-77 vaccine is 20%. The available data indicate that if vaccination occurs within three months of conception, the risk is negligible. However, since the actual risk may not be zero, women known to be pregnant should not be vaccinated, and conception should be avoided for three months after vaccination.

Abortion, Induced↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Deaths from varicella in infants.

Onset of maternal varicella up to 5 days before delivery is associated with in utero exposure to varicella and may result in severe infection in the newborn 5 to 10 days after delivery. Since up to 31% of these newborns may die, routine administration of varicella-zoster immunoglobulin to these infants is recommended. Little is known, however, about the risk of death in other infants with postnatal infection. Available epidemiologic data indicate an estimated death/case ratio for children less than 1 year of age 4 times that for 1- to 14-year-olds (8 in 100,000 vs. 2 in 100,000). Since the actual ages for the infant deaths were lacking, it has been impossible to know how many deaths were possibly related to maternal varicella contracted within the 5 days before delivery. Using National Center for Health Statistics data, we analyzed 92 deaths due to varicella in children less than 1 year old reported between 1968 and 1978 (median age, 5.5 months). Only five deaths occurred in newborns (ages 8 hours to 19 days). These data indicate that intrauterine infection accounts for few varicella deaths in infants. Since postnatal infection accounts for the observed increased risk of death in this age group, the need for preventing postnatal varicella in all infants merits further study. However, based on the small number of deaths occurring annually and the low relative risk compared to other high risk groups, routine postexposure administration of varicella-zoster immunoglobulin to all children less than 1 year of age does not seem warranted at this time.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Intravenous cholangiography in the rhesus monkey. part I: Determination of optimal iodipamide dose during a one-hour infusion.

One-hour infusion intravenous cholangiography with iodipamide was performed in 3 rhesus monkeys with intact enterohepatic circulations. A series of four different doses including standard (0.3 ml/kg) and "double dose" (0.6 ml/kg) levels were compared. The 0.6 ml/kg dose resulted in significantly higher biliary iodine excretion and concentration than the lower two doses. A 1.2 ml/kg dose probably increased biliary iodine concentration a small amount when compared to the 0.6 ml/kg dose but did not increase iodine excretion. Peak iodine excretion and concentration occurred, on the average, at one hour. The excretion of iodine in the bile demonstrated no inhibitory effect on the concomitant excretion of bile salts.

Animals↗