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Biomedical subjects

S R Skinner

Publications and source records attributed to S R Skinner.

17 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1992

Gait analysis in pediatric lower extremity amputees.

Walking function in 56 children with lower extremity amputations was assessed using a questionnaire and gait analysis. Children with prosthetic lower extremities can be very functional in society, often participating in sports. Limitations are proportional to the extent of the missing limbs. As a group, pediatric amputees walk more slowly than their normal peers with a slower cadence and a longer stride length. Pediatric amputees have higher heart rates when walking than normal children, but they seem willing to pay a higher physiologic price for ambulation.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Phasic relationships of the extrinsic muscles of the normal hand.

The objective of this investigation was to improve the interpretation of dynamic electromyogram studies of upper extremity musculature by providing normal reference data. Fine wire electrodes recorded electromyogram data from the extrinsic forearm and hand muscles of 10 normal adults. Simultaneous wrist and finger motions were recorded by goniometers with the electromyogram data. Subjects performed hand opening and closing while actively maintaining selected elbow, forearm, and wrist positions. Phasic muscle activity was identified in each position for individual subjects. Normal adult subjects use gravity and tenodesis effects in addition to active muscle contraction to achieve motor goals. Individual subjects used different muscles to accomplish the same motor task, but each subject was remarkably consistent in muscle assignment. These findings suggest that individuals employ "motor planning strategies" in hand function.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Variations in the gait of normal children. A graph applicable to the documentation of abnormalities.

The goal of much orthopaedic treatment of children is to improve their walking. To document the quantitative characteristics of walking, we devised graphic displays of speed, cadence, stride length, and body height on the basis of 2,416 observations of 324 children walking over a range of speeds. The gait graph is an uncomplicated tool for the clinician to use in the documentation and evaluation of gait in children. It also provides the means to relate the walking abilities of patients to the standards for normal children.

Child↗
PubMed1986

Artifacts seen during CT pelvimetry: implications for digital systems with scanning beams.

During computed tomography (CT) pelvimetry of two pregnant women, bony abnormalities of the fetuses were noted on the scout images that were not confirmed at delivery. To explore the cause of these artifacts, specimen long bones were manipulated in various ways during CT scout imaging. Artifacts like those seen during in vivo imaging were found to be caused by motion of the object. The CT scout view is an example of an image produced by a digital system that uses a scanning beam. This type of digital system is being used for several types of body imaging including screening for scoliosis and chest radiography. Attention to motion artifacts should decrease diagnostic errors and aid further development of these systems.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Gait electromyographic evaluation of the long-toe flexors in children with spastic cerebral palsy.

In a prospective study of the phasic activity of the long-toe flexors of patients with spastic cerebral palsy, the electrical activity of the long-toe flexors in 37 children with varus or valgus hindfoot deformity was measured by wire electrode dynamic electromyography. Although gross abnormalities in the phasic timing of the flexor hallucis longus and flexor digitorum longus were observed, these muscles could not be implicated in the etiology of hindfoot deformity. In planning gait analysis protocols for children with cerebral palsy and hindfoot deformity, electromyography of the long-toe flexors is not necessary unless toe curling is clinically evident.

Cerebral Palsy↗
PubMed1986

"Idiopathic" scoliosis associated with congenital upper-limb deficiency.

Sixty patients with congenital upper-limb deficiency were evaluated for scoliosis in 1972. Twenty-one patients had scoliosis of 5 degrees or more and 15 had scoliosis of 10 degrees or more. Fifteen of these patients had long-term follow-up periods. Thirteen patients had idiopathic scoliosis. Idiopathic scoliosis associated with congenital upper-limb deficiency could be divided into three groups, and the progression of scoliosis was predictable within each group. All but one of these patients had a relatively benign course and did not require treatment. Double curves with rotation progressed throughout the growth period. Double curves with Grade 0 rotation tended not to be progressive. Single curves did not have rotation deformity and resolved spontaneously or remained stable. Magnitude of limb deficiency did not correlate with the curve magnitude, progression, or pattern. Muscle imbalance did not appear implicated as a cause for the scoliosis in these patients. Young age at discovery of the curve did not correlate with progression of the curve.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

Functional demands on the stance limb in walking.

In normal human locomotion, the lower extremities must maintain the erect posture while at the same time permitting forward progression of the body. Walking involves a complex interplay of gravity, momentum changes, and muscle action. A quantitative analysis of the effects of gravity and momentum changes on the stance limb in normal gait has been performed. These effects, represented by the ground reaction force, impose challenges to the muscles of the lower extremity. The nature of the torques about the hip, knee, and ankle joints has been investigated and correlated with the timing of muscle action throughout the gait cycle. Mechanical events in the earliest part of stance phase have been more clearly described than in previous work. Analysis of the effects of gravity and momentum changes improves our understanding of the mechanics of normal walking, and can aid in the diagnosis and treatment of disabled patients.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Unilateral duplication of the femur associated with myelomeningocele.

A case of complete duplication of the left femur is presented. This anomaly was associated with ipsilateral tibial hemimelia, lumbar myelomeningocele, extrophy of the cloaca, ambiguous genitalia, imperforate anus, and omphalocele. The constellation of anomalies implies an insult at about the fourth week of gestation. Maternal ingestion of hydroxyzine was reported in this case. Management of the limb anomaly was by resection of the duplicate femur and malformed leg. Preoperative arteriography was found helpful.

Abnormalities, Multiple↗
PubMed1978

Valgus slip of the capital femoral epiphysis.

Valgus slip of the capital femoral epiphysis, a rare entity which may be acute or chronic, occurred in a 12-year-old boy. The displacement may be associated with a pre-existing coxa valga. The patient also had a varus slip of the capital femoral epiphysis on the contralateral side. Both hips were successful treated by in situ pinning. A review of the English literature reveals only 8 previously reported cases of valgus slipping of the capital femoral epiphysis. Either valgus or lateral slips are unusual.

Child↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Three-dimensional digital displays in congenital dislocation of the hip: preliminary experience.

Four patients with congenital dislocation of the hip (CDH) were studied on a research basis with three-dimensional computed tomography (3-D CT) or, alternatively, with three-dimensional magnetic resonance imaging (3-D MR). 3-D CT and 3-D MR proved useful in demonstrating the extent of anterior and posterior acetabular coverage. 3-D CT was limited to patients greater than 6 months of age with ossified femoral heads. 3-D MR, in contrast to 3-D CT, demonstrated the cartilaginous femoral head in children less than 6 months of age, while avoiding gonadal irradiation. Both 3-D CT and 3-D MR appear promising in confirming the diagnosis and facilitating the choice of treatment modality in the child with complicated CDH.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Effects of ankle-foot orthoses on the gait of children.

Gait analysis was performed on five normal children walking barefoot with bilateral double-upright ankle-foot orthoses (AFOs) and with plastic AFOs. When orthoses were worn, walking speed and cadence were reduced and quadriceps EMG timing was prolonged. Changes in lower extremity motions and torques were observed. The metal-and-leather AFOs impaired normal walking, more than the plastic orthoses. This study provides baseline information for evaluation of new orthotic designs and materials for children. In clinical practice, this information may be useful in selection of orthotic materials for some patients.

Ankle Joint↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Dynamic electromyography analysis of habitual toe-walkers.

The distinction between congenital short tendo calcaneus and mild cerebral palsy may often be difficult to ascertain by standard physical examination. Dynamic electromyography (EMG) was used to study the muscular activity during walking of four children who had a clinical diagnosis of congenital short tendo calcaneus. Two children displayed EMG evidence of cerebral palsy, while two had studies similar to normal children walking on their toes. Dynamic EMG may be a useful diagnostic tool in the evaluation of children with toe-walking.

Achilles Tendon↗