Biomedical subjects
Publications and source records attributed to S Rodbard.
During tourniquet occlusion of blood flow in 10 volunteers, the number of contractions performed by each arm contracting simultaneously with the other, equalled or exceeded the number of contractions performed by either arm alone. The discomfort produced by ischemic muscle exercise is interpreted in terms of the most dominant stimulus, and impulses appear not to summate.
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Ferrocyanide was perfused through the vascular system of the isolated legs of 10 dogs. Ferric ion was then injected intramuscularly (not intravascularly) into the leg. The injected materials spread along the trabeculae of the tissues, rupturing the sheets of fibrous connective tissue (frenulae) inpeded the movement of materials in the trabeculae. The barriers consist of sheets of connective tissue which insert on adjacent fibrous capsules. The capsules enclose each cluster of muscle, glandular or other cells. These barriers appear to function in conjunction with the lymphatic drainage system.
Young adults with cystic fibrosis have lower blood pressures than control subjects of similar age and sex. The low blood pressure may be related to the excessive loss of salt in the sweat of these patients. A beneficial effect of the cystic fibrosis gene may be protection against developing hypertension in both the homozygous and heterozygous states, especially if the heterozygote has borderline elevation of sweat electrolytes.
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The present sets of studies indicate that the fibrous capsule which encloses each tissue module divides the interstitial fluids into an intracapsular pool, and an extracapsular pool. Fluid that filters out of the capsules into the extracapsular clefts is the source of the lymph. Because of the limited permeability of the capsular barrier the composition of lymph differs from that of the capillary ultrafiltrate. Lymphatic vessels are means for the drainage of the extracapsular fluids and other materials. This appraoch differentiates two entirely separate types of edema: an intracapsular dependent pitting edema and an extracapsular generalized non-pitting edema. Three sets of experiments that support the foregoing hypothesis are briefly presented.
Ringer's solution containing ferrocyanide ion was infused into the arterial system of lumbs. Some of these ions filtered across the blood capillary wall into the adjacent extracapillary fluids, from which diffusion caused these ions to enter the wall of the enclosing epimysial capsule. Ringer's solution containing ferric ion was then injected into the parenchyma (not intravascularly). In muscles, the intensely blue ferric ferrocyanide (Prussian blue) precipitate appeared on the walls of the fibrous connective tissue capsules that enclosed each small cluster of muscle cells, and in the lymphatics of the extracapsular clefts. No Prussian blue appeared inside the capsules. These results indicate that "interstitial" fluids are divided into two discrete pools: (a) an intracapsular pool of capillary ultrafiltrates, and (b) an extracapsular pool in the trabecular clefts. Certain implications concerning the mixing of the tissue fluids, the estimate of capillary filtration rates and some of the functional differences between intravascular and intramuscular injections are discussed.
A patient with ventricular septal defect and pulmonary arterial hypertension (Eisenmenger's syndrome) associated with aortic coarctation with follow-up for 19 years, and with rupture of an aneurysmatic pulmonary artery is described. An incident of extreme fright with a possible transient systemic hypertension may have precipitated the dissection of the pulmonary arterial intima and the rupture.