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Biomedical subjects

S Roth

Publications and source records attributed to S Roth.

At least 73 records · Page 4Linked to original sources
PubMed1987

Regulation of T-cell activation and T-cell growth factor (TCGF) production by hydrogen peroxide.

Activated macrophages are known to release a variety of immunoregulatory substances including the low-molecular-weight substances hydrogen peroxide and lactate. We report here that lactate but not hydrogen peroxide is capable of supporting a substantial production of T-cell growth factor (TCGF) in cultures of accessory cell-depleted splenic T-cell populations after stimulation with concanavalin A. Hydrogen peroxide and its biosynthetic precursor superoxide anion (O2-) mediate, however, a strong augmentation of the TCGF production by accessory cell-depleted T-cell populations in the presence of lactate. Lactate inhibits the incorporation of [3H]thymidine in short-term cultures (18-26 hr) of accessory cell-depleted T cells. This confirms the rule that (optimal) production of T-cell growth factor requires a growth inhibitory signal. Concentrations of hydrogen peroxide which augment TCGF production most effectively (i.e., 1 X 10(-5) M) do not inhibit the incorporation of [3H]thymidine; and higher concentrations (3 X 10(-5)-1 X 10(-4) M) of hydrogen peroxide inhibit both the production of TCGF and the incorporation of [3H]thymidine. In agreement with the augmenting effect of hydrogen peroxide on TCGF production, it was observed that the proliferative response in mixed lymphocyte cultures is suppressed by catalase and augmented by 1 X 10(-5) M H2O2. Proliferative and cytotoxic responses in mixed lymphocyte cultures with an external source of interleukin 2 (IL-2) in contrast, are not augmented by 1 X 10(-5) M H2O2. The relatively high concentration of 1 X 10(-4) M hydrogen peroxide was found to inhibit the proliferative responses in mixed lymphocyte cultures with or without external IL-2 but not the cytotoxic response in the presence of IL-2. This indicates that CTL precursor cells may be relatively resistant against H2O2.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Use of a monoclonal antibody (VM-2) plus the immunogold-silver technique to stain basal cell carcinoma cells.

A newly described murine monoclonal antibody, VM-2, stains both basal cell carcinoma cells and squamous cell carcinoma cells of the skin. We have combined this monoclonal antibody with a newly described technique, the immunogold-silver stain, to produce a method for rapid characterization of basal cell carcinoma cells. This method does not require the use of a fluorescence microscope and gives a very intense stain of the tumor cells. Tumor-containing tissue from 12 patients was stained and included 2 cases of morphealike basal cell carcinoma. All the tumors stained with VM-2 gold. Thus, staining with this technique may be helpful in diagnosing tumors of epithelial origin and may also find application in delineating residual tumor cells in microscopically controlled excision.

Antibodies, Monoclonal↗
PubMed1987

Family functioning and functional independence in spinal cord injury adjustment.

The relationships among functional independence, perceived family functioning and duration of disability were studied in 41 non-institutionalised post-traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) families. Correlational analyses revealed that SCI subjects with greater self initiation of activities, increased social involvement and higher overall level of independence perceived their family environment as affectively responsive, open in communication and clear in delineation of role responsibilities. The 'significant other's' (A 'significant other' is designated by the SCI subject as 'the one most involved with you'. The 'significant other' had to be living with or within 25 miles of the SCI subject and in contact at least 3 times a week.) view of the family was unrelated to SCI function. Conversely, for the significant other but not the SCI subject, greater duration of disability predicted more concern for the family's ability to problem solve, delineate roles and maintain standards of behaviour control. Of the functional areas measured, only participation in outside activities increased significantly over time. The results are discussed in terms of the importance of considering the long-term and separate rehabilitation needs of the individual with a SCI and his or her family.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1987

Coping with cancer.

This study examined coping strategies in head and neck cancer patients. The relationships between the use of approach and avoidant coping strategies and the physical and emotional distress of 35 newly diagnosed head and neck cancer patients during the early stages of cancer treatment were evaluated. Patients were categorized on the basis of coping strategy at the time of diagnosis and then evaluated twice during the course of their treatment at four- to six-week intervals. Cancer patients who predominantly employed either approach or avoidant strategies had lower initial levels of emotional distress than patients who did not use either of these strategies. Although symptoms of distress decreased in patients using approach or avoidance, symptoms increased for those patients who did not use these strategies. The level of stress for this cancer population is highest at the point of confirmed diagnosis and recedes during the course of treatment. The theoretical and clinical implications of these findings are discussed.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1987

[Chickenpox and pregnancy. Perinatal aspects and prevention].

Five neonates born to women who had had varicella late in pregnancy or in the post-partum were admitted to our unit during the last year. In utero transmission of varicella-zoster virus occurred in 2 cases. One of them had no clinical eruption but specific IgM at a titer of 1/200. The mother presented with varicella 15 days before delivery. The other developed severe neonatal congenital varicella (with disseminated eruption, pneumonia and seizures). She was treated by Aciclovir (15 mg/kg/8 h). The mother presented with chickenpox 24 hours after birth. Varicella occurring in a pregnant woman from 4 days before to 2 days after delivery is dangerous because the baby will lack maternal antibodies. It may develop severe neonatal varicella (mortality: 20-30%). A neonate in critical condition was successfully given a prophylactic treatment by Aciclovir IV (15 mg/kg/8 h for 5 days) and varicella-zona immunoglobulins (2 ml on days 1, 2, 3). This approach may be the best treatment for babies at risk for severe neonatal varicella.

Chickenpox↗
PubMed1986

[Ultrasound-guided fine-needle puncture in the diagnosis and therapy of liver and spleen abscesses].

A total of 41 diagnostic and therapeutic fine-needle aspiration punctures were performed under ultrasound control in 28 patients with solitary or multiple abscesses of liver (26) or spleen (2). Nonoperative measures (drainage-fine needle puncture, local and systemic antibiotics) cured 19 patients; in nine, primary surgical abscess drainage was performed. One operated patient with multiple liver abscesses died of generalized sepsis (mortality rate 3.6%). All 14 hepatic or splenic abscesses in which percutaneous fine-needle drainage was performed, including local and systemic antibiotic administration, were treated successfully. In two of 41 fine-needle aspiration punctures bleeding complications were recorded but did not require any treatment. The method was reliable and effective in the definitive diagnosis and treatment of hepatic and splenic abscesses, with a lower complication and mortality rate than surgical drainage.

Abscess↗
PubMed1986

A multicenter study of hospitalization in rheumatoid arthritis. Frequency, medical-surgical admissions, and charges.

During 1981, 123 of 816 patients (15.1%) with rheumatoid arthritis were hospitalized 160 times because of the disease. The mean length of hospitalization was 13.1 days, and the cost $7,845. Surgery accounted for 54.4% of admissions, but 69.2% of costs. The average cost for total joint surgery was $12,287. Most medical admissions (46.6%) were for the diagnosis or treatment of articular disease, but 42.5% were for treatment of side effects of therapy, and 11.0% for complications of RA. The most commonly performed surgical procedures included reconstructive surgery of the hand/wrist (n = 35) and foot (n = 22), followed by total knee replacement (n = 18).

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Several galactosyltransferase activities are associated with mouse chromosome 17.

Indirect evidence suggests that some major histocompatibility complex (MHC) proteins are glycosyltransferases. No sequence or mapping information is available for transferases, although ganglioside variations in mice are linked to the H-2 complex on chromosome 17, and one galactosyltransferase activity on mouse sperm varies with T/t complex genotypes, also on chromosome 17. In the present experiments, diploid and trisomy 17 mouse embryos were assayed for four different galactosyltransferase activities. The same preparations were assayed for isocitrate dehydrogenase (Id-1, chromosome 1) and glyoxalase-1 (Glo-1, chromosome 17). Galactosyltransferase specific activities in trisomy 17 embryos are almost 1.5 times higher than in diploid embryos. The correlation between galactosyltransferase activities and chromosome 17 dosage indicates that the structural or regulatory gene for these enzymes are located on chromosome 17.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Replication of Aleutian disease virus in mink lymphocytes infected in vitro.

The kinetics of Aleutian disease virus (ADV) replication in mink lymphocytes was followed by the analysis of virus-specific antigens, infectious virus, and viral DNA. Stimulation with pokeweed mitogen (PWM; 20 micrograms/ml) increased the synthesis of ADV DNA in cultivated cells of the B-cell fraction. Maximum virus titers [10(6.5) fluorescence-forming units (FFU)/ml] were achieved after incubating infected cells for 60 h at 32 degrees. At this time, 10.4% of the cells in the B-cell-enriched fraction contained ADV-specific antigens and there was an average of 125 ADV genome equivalents per antigen-positive cell. ADV replication also was detected in T-cell-enriched fractions (with up to 10(5.3) FFU/ml, 5.3% of cells were antigen-positive, with 20 ADV genome equivalents per antigen-positive cell), but was 10 times lower compared with ADV replication in the B-cell fraction.

Aleutian Mink Disease Virus↗
PubMed1986

Blood droplet dynamics--I.

The interpretation of bloodstain patterns at crime scenes has received increased attention in recent years. Important to an understanding of this is knowledge of the fundamentals of blood droplet formation and impact dynamics. A review of the literature reveals that a considerable amount of work has been done with aqueous drop dynamics. Workers in the forensic science area seem to have been unaware of this. In addition, some of the most important and comprehensive early work with blood droplet dynamics seems to have been forgotten. It is not cited in more recent publications dealing with bloodstain pattern interpretation. This literature is reviewed and discussed as well. The present study presents results of experiments with blood droplet dynamics and high-speed photographs of blood droplet impacts on stationary target surfaces. Some longstanding misconceptions of importance to forensic scientists engaged in crime scene reconstruction are discussed.

Blood↗
PubMed1986

Blood droplet dynamics--II.

An earlier companion paper to the present one dealt with a literature review as well as blood droplet formation and impacts to stationary target surfaces. The present paper discusses the results of experiments with moving target surfaces. These are discussed in the context of their correlation with blood droplet impacts to inclined stationary targets and with respect to the interpretation of bloodstain patterns at crime scenes where the target surface is capable of its own movement. A special belt device was designed and constructed for the experiments reported here. This motorized apparatus was used to drive paper belt target surfaces at various controlled speeds.

Blood↗
PubMed1985

Embryonic and adult forms of two galactosyltransferases differ in their degrees of sialylation.

Embryonic and adult chicken liver galactosyltransferases behave differently on DEAE-Sepharose chromatography. After solubilization, two embryonic activities (one transfers galactose in a beta 1-4 linkage to asialo-agalacto-alpha 1-acid glycoprotein and to N-acetylglucosamine; the other transfers galactose in a beta 1-3 linkage to asialo-ovine submaxillary mucin) elute after the bulk of the protein, and after free glucose. The same two enzymes in adults elute more rapidly, almost coincident with the bulk of the protein, and before free glucose. The difference in elution patterns occurs when the column buffer contains 0.1 M NaCl. Without salt, both embryonic and adult transferases bind to the column, but with 0.5 M NaCl, the embryonic and adult transferases elute identically, and with the bulk of the protein. After treatment with neuraminidase, the embryonic transferase activities elute significantly earlier on a DEAE-Sepharose column in the presence of 0.1 M NaCl. The embryonic forms migrate more rapidly than do the adult forms on cellulose acetate electrophoresis, but neuraminidase treatment renders both enzyme forms immobile in this system. Neuraminidase treatment also inhibits the binding of the embryonic transferases to a wheat-germ-agglutinin--Sepharose column. Kinetically, the embryonic and adult transferases are indistinguishable.

Aging↗
PubMed1985

Co-purification of galactosyltransferases from chick-embryo liver.

Two galactosyltransferases with nearly identical Mr values were purified 5000-7000-fold from microsomal membranes of chick-embryo livers by using several affinity columns. One enzyme transfers galactose from UDP-galactose to form a beta-(1----4)-linkage to GlcNAc (N-acetylglucosamine) or AsAgAGP [asialo-agalacto-(alpha 1-acid glycoprotein)]. The other enzyme forms a beta-(1----3)-linkage to AsOSM [asialo-(ovine submaxillary mucin)]. Both enzymes were solubilized (85%) from a microsomal pellet by using 1% Triton X-100 in 0.1 M-NaCl. The supernatant activities were subjected to DEAE-Sepharose chromatography and four affinity columns: UDP-hexanolamine-Sepharose, alpha-lactalbumin-Sepharose, GlcNAc-Sepharose and either AsAgAGP-Sepharose or AsOSM-Sepharose. The AsAgAGP enzyme [(1----4)-transferase] and the AsOSM enzyme [(1----3)-transferase] behave identically on the DEAE-Sepharose and UDP-hexanolamine-Sepharose columns, and similarly on the alpha-lactalbumin-Sepharose column. Final separation of the two enzymes, however, could only be achieved on affinity columns of their immobilized respective acceptors. Both purified enzymes migrate as a single band on sodium dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis after silver staining, and both have an apparent Mr of 68 000. The enzymes were radioiodinated and again subjected to sodium dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis. Radioautographic analyses showed only one, intensely radioactive, band. Activity stains performed for both transferases after cellulose acetate electrophoresis indicate that, with this system too, both activities have identical mobilities, and co-migrate, as well, with the major, silver-stained, protein band. Kinetic studies with the purified enzymes show that the Km value for GlcNAc, for the (1----4)-transferase, is 4mM; for the (1----3)-transferase the Km value for AsOSM is 5mM, in terms of GalNAc (N-acetylgalactosamine) equivalents. Both enzymes have a Km value of 25 microM for UDP-galactose.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Topology of UDP-galactose cleavage in relation to N-acetyl-lactosamine formation in Golgi vesicles. Translocation of activated galactose.

UDP-galactose appears to be produced on one side of a membrane barrier, opposite the galactosyltransferases that use it as a sugar donor. The translocation of activated galactose across membranes was studied in rat submaxillary-gland microsomal vesicles and in rat liver Golgi vesicles. When these intact vesicles containing the acceptor, N-acetylglucosamine, were incubated in the presence of UDP-galactose and two inhibitors of galactosyltransferase activity, the product, N-acetyl-lactosamine, formed within the vesicles. Thus at least the galactose moiety of UDP-galactose crossed the membranes. When intact Golgi vesicles were incubated with UDP-galactose labelled in both the uridine and the galactose moieties, labelled N-acetyllactosamine was again produced in the vesicles, but less than stoichiometric amounts of the uridine label was found there. Calculation of internal and external concentrations of UMP, a major product released from the cleaved uridine moiety, showed that the vesicles were actually enriched in UMP. When free UMP was incubated with the vesicles, this enrichment did not occur. This result was direct evidence for facilitated transport of UDP-galactose into the Golgi for use by galactosyltransferase.

Amino Sugars↗
PubMed1985

A collagen:glucosyltransferase at the surface of malignant fibroblasts.

3T12 fibroblasts possess glucosyltransferases that catalyze the transfer of glucose from UDP-Glucose to galactosylhydroxylysyl residues on collagenous acceptors. The presence of the enzyme activity at the cell surface is indicated by the following findings: a) suspensions of intact cells, as well as intact cell monolayers, glucosylate gelatinized collagen b) glucose transfer is not due to UDP-Glucose hydrolysis and subsequent intracellular utilization of the free glucose c) experiments using cell suspensions with known proportions of broken cells indicate that the glucosyltransferase activity is attributable to intact cells and not to contamination by intracellular enzymes from broken cells. The Km value for UDP-Glucose is about 20 microM. The enzyme has a pronounced requirement for manganese, and shows highest activity between 2 and 10 mM. The optimal Mn2+ concentration for the intracellular gelatin:glucosyltransferase activity is more restricted (5 to 10 mM). Glucosyltransferase activity is strongly inhibited by diamide and N-ethylmaleimide (5 mM), suggesting that intact sulfhydryl residues present in the enzyme are essential.

Animals↗