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Biomedical subjects

S S Kalter

Publications and source records attributed to S S Kalter.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1979

Acute demyelinating disease in a chimpanzee three years after inoculation of brain cells from a patient with MS.

Brain cells from a patient with classic multiple sclerosis were inoculated intracerebrally into the frontal lobe of a newborn chimpanzee. The animal developed acute quadriplegia three years, two months later and was killed four days after the onset of symptoms. Central nervous system lesions were primarily localized in the spinal cord at root entry zones; these were characterized by demyelination and regeneration of myelin by Schwann cells.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

The chemotactic, phagocytic, and microbial killing abilities of primate polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PML).

Functions of polymorphonuclear leukocytes including chemotaxis, phagocytosis, and microbial killing were investigated in baboons (Papio cynocephalus), cebus monkeys (Cebus apella), and marmosets (Saguinus oedipus). Cells from a group of normal adult human volunteers were also studied for comparison. Polymorphonuclear leukocytes from the three nonhuman primate species were comparable to each other and to humans in chemotactic activity using endotoxin activated serum. In addition, the ability of blood leukocytes to ingest and kill microorganisms was investigated using a new fluorochrome microassay. Leukocytes of all non-human primates were competent in phagocytosing bacteria, but leukocytes from cebus monkeys and marmosets ingested candida organisms poorly. Compared to humans, all nonhuman primates exhibited poor killing of the microbes.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Fetal infection of the baboon (Papio cynocephalus) with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus.

Recent observations of LCM-induced fetal damage in humans suggested attempts to develop an animal model for studies on viral congenital malformations. We report herein viral studies on three pregnant baboons (Papio cynocephalus) inoculated subcutaneously with LCM virus strain WE3. The first animal, inoculated in the 9th week of pregnancy, aborted 9 days after a high virus dose. Inoculation of the second baboon during a later stage (23rd week) of pregnancy with a moderate virus dose, resulted in the demonstration of virus in the placenta, amniotic fluid, and cord blood. The infant showed only a slight pleocytosis of the spinal fluid, but no virus shedding and no late sequelae. The third baboon inoculated with a high virus dose during the 21st week of pregnancy delivered an underweight, icteric infant that succumbed on the 6th day. All organs of this animal that were tested contained virus. Microscopic examination of these tissues revealed multifocal necrosis, cerebral glial nodules, meningitis, and bilateral choriovasculitis. These results illustrate that fetal damage observed in the LCM-inoculate baboon resembles that seen in humans following infection with LCM virus.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Expression of baboon endogenous virus in exogenously infected baboon cells.

Strains of low-passage, fetal diploid, baboon (Papio cynocephalus) fibroblasts were susceptible to exogenous infection with three independent isolates of baboon endogenous virus, as measured by an immunofluorescence assay specific for viral p28. Infectivity of the M7 strain of baboon endogenous virus for baboon cells of fetal skin muscle origin was equivalent to that for human and dog cells in that similar, linear, single-hit titration patterns were obtained. The assay for supernatant RNA-dependent DNA polymerase, however, showed that baboon cells produced only low levels of virus after infection compared with the production by heterologous cells. The results showed that baboon endogenous virus was capable of penetrating baboon cells and that viral genes were expressed in infected cells. Replication of complete infectious virus was restricted, however, indicating that in this primate system homologous cells differentially regulated the expression of viral genes.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Rearing of conventional and gnotobiotic nonhuman primates (Pan troglodytes, Papio cynocephalus, Saguinus nigricollis).

Rearing techniques for conventional and gnotobiotic nonhuman primates are described. Up to four months of age there was no significant difference in weight gain between conventionally and gnotobiotically reared chimpanzees or baboons. After four months, gnotobiotic chimpanzees exceeded their conventional counterparts in weight gain, whereas conventional baboons showed higher weight gain than gnotobiotic baboons. Gnotobiotic chimpanzees and baboons had significantly lower absolute numbers of neutrophils than their conventional counterparts, but the absolute numbers of lymphocytes were not different. The gnotobiotic rearing of marmosets is also reported.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1979

Squirrel monkey retrovirus and Herpesvirus saimiri: observation in the same cell following isolation.

Electron microscopic examination of mink lung cells previously cultured with a squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus) throat swab suspension revealed the presence of squirrel monkey retrovirus (SMRV) and Herpesvirus saimiri (HVS) coexisting within the same cells in culture. HVS was identified by serum neutralization, and the retrovirus isolate was identified as SMRV by a morphologic examination, microimmunodiffusion analysis, and demonstration of an Mg2+ preference for the RNA-directed DNA polymerase.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Electron microscopic examination of primate feces for rotaviruses.

Using electron microscopic procedures known to be capable of detecting rotaviruses, feces from both human and nonhuman primates were examined for the presence of these viruses. Fecal samples were taken from man and animals with and without diarrhea. Rotaviruses were not observed in these specimens.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Induction of retrovirus particles in human testicular tumor (Tera-1) cell cultures: an electron microscopic study.

The Tera-1 and Tera-2 cell lines, established from germ-cell tumors of the human testis, were examined by electron microscopy for particles with the morphology of retroviruses. Extracellular and budding particles were observed at low frequencies only in cultures of Tera-1 cells that had been treated with 5-iodo-2'-deoxyuridine and dexamethasone. No particles were detected in untreated cultures of Tera-1 cells or in any preparations of Tera-2 cells.

Cell Line↗
PubMed1979

Experimental smallpox in chimpanzees.

In an attempt to prepare highly specific antiserum to variola virus, a chimpanzee was inoculated with a virulent human strain of this virus. Three uninoculated chimpanzees were housed in the same room; two of these developed clinical disease with seroconversion, while the third developed no evidence of infection and no antibody. The three animals that became ill also developed antibody to vaccinia and monkeypox viruses. Human contacts during the study and following a break in containment showed no evidence of infection as determined by serological tests and lack of clinical disease.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Observation of togavirus-like particles in nonhuman primates.

Particles resembling togaviruses were observed by electron microscopy in the urinary bladder lamina propria of one capuchin monkey and in placental syncytiotrophoblasts of one baboon. Type C viruses were observed in the baboon placenta, but not in the tissues of the capuchin monkey.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Tuberculosis in nonhuman primates as a threat to humans.

Nonhuman primates are used in many laboratories either as modest systems for studies of disease processes or as a source of these tissues for cell culture and vaccine production. Much too frequently, the health of these donor animals is taken for granted, although T.B. testing is one of the few procedures routinely performed. In spite of this screening, outbreaks of T.B. among various simian species are still sufficiently commonplace to make maintenance and use of these animals a continuing source of danger to the human population. Development of rampant fatal tuberculosis in established colony animals (chimpanzees, baboons, others) previously tested as tuberculin negative suggests the need for continuing monitoring as well as extreme caution in handling of these animals, especially at necropsy. Further, use of complete Freund's adjuvant or isoniazid either experimentally or therapeutically will obscure the interpretation of the skin test. Present lack of concern by many investigators for biohazards associated with use of nonhuman primates makes the problem of laboratory-associated infections a major source of concern. Positive conversion of animal handlers has occurred a sufficient number of times to make development of tuberculosis in a colony of animals a matter of more than academic interest.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Studies with the baboon endogenous virus and its pseudotype of murine sarcoma virus in marmosets.

Three marmoset species (Saguinus oedipus oedipus, S. fuscicollis, Callithrix jacchus) failed to show evidence of infection or disease following inoculation of baboon endogenous type-C virus (BaEV). Cells infected with a Kirsten murine sarcoma-BaEV pseudotype (MSV[BaEV]) produced a progressive fibrosarcoma in S. o. oedipus and tumors in S. fuscicollis and C. jacchus which regressed. Tumor formation is believed to be due to growth of inoculated, virus-infected cells and not transformation of marmoset cells. S. o. oedipus showed the best serum neutralizing antibody response to BaEV and MSV(BaEV), S. fuscicollis a moderate response and C. jacchus no response.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Transfer factor and its protective effect against herpesvirus infections of marmosets.

Using skin test response and lymphocyte blastogenesis as indicators of cell-mediated immunity, we have been able to demonstrate in vivo transfer of cell-mediated immunity to marmosets both with dialyzable transfer factor (TFd) prepared from a human donor and transfer factor (TF) from baboon whole cell lysates. We were able to protect marmosets with TFd from fatal Herpesvirus hominis type 1 (HVH-1) disease. When TFd was administered prior to challenge with HVH-1, 50% of the marmosets survived. Of the untreated control animals and those first treated on day 0 or postinfection, 100% succumbed to disseminated HVH-1 disease. In addition, when TF prepared from TFd-treated marmosets which had survived HVH-1 disease, was given to other marmosets, it conferred protection from subsequent HVH-1 challenge.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Serodiagnosis of herpesvirus infection in primates.

The presence of herpesviruses in various animal tissues used for vaccine production is of importance, inasmuch as these viruses may go unrecognized, residing in latent form. Of greatest concern is Herpesvirus simiae (B virus) present in the majority of macaca species, one of the more extensively used laboratory nonhuman primates. The close antigenic relationship of B virus to human herpes strains (H. hominis) and SA8 (a baboon herpesvirus) makes serologic differentiation extremely difficult, but necessary. Complicating the differential diagnosis is the frequent infection of simian species with human strains. The present study clearly shows that many animal sera negative to herpes simplex will be negative to B virus in the neutralization test. However, a sufficient number of sera will be negative to simplex, but positive to B virus, indicating that the assumed one-way cross is invalid. Also, if antibody to simplex is present, and this antibody is present in most adult macaques, then differentiation requires testing with B virus. At least 50% of these positive sera may appear to be negative for B virus if only tested with H. hominis. Approximately 25% of the remaining positive sera will have higher titers to B virus than to herpes simplex and 25% will have the same titers to both viruses. Further, complement is required by many of the test sera to detect the presence of antibodies to B virus.

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