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Biomedical subjects

S S Reich

Publications and source records attributed to S S Reich.

10 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1996

Effects of nonanticoagulant heparin on cardiovascular and hepatocellular function after hemorrhagic shock.

Although heparinization of animals before hemorrhage improves cell and organ function, the potent anticoagulant activity of conventional heparin sodium precludes its potential clinical use. To determine whether a novel nonanticoagulant heparin, GM1892, would have any beneficial effects on cardiovascular and hapatocellular functions and would decrease susceptibility to sepsis after hemorrhage, laparotomy was performed on rats (i.e., trauma induced), after which they were bled to and maintained at a mean arterial pressure of 40 mmHg until 40% of maximal bleedout volume was returned in the form of Ringer lactate solution (RL). The rats were then resuscitated with three times the volume of shed blood with RL over 45 min, followed by infusion of two times RL plus GM1892 (7 mg/kg body wt; approximately 2% the anticoagulant activity of regular heparin) of saline over 60 min. At 2 and 4 h after the completion of resuscitation, cardiac output, hepatocellular function, and microvascular blood flow were determined. The results indicated that cardiac output, hepatocellular function, and microvascular blood flow in the liver, spleen, and small intestine decreased significantly after hemorrhage and resuscitation. Administration of GM1892, however, restored these parameters. The morphological abnormality observed after hemorrhage in the liver, kidney, and small gut was also attenuated with GM1892 treatment. Moreover, GM1892 normalized the elevated plasma prostaglandin E2 levels. Sepsis was induced in additional rats by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) 20 h after hemorrhage, and the necrotic cecum was excised 10 h thereafter. GM1892 treatment significantly decreased mortality after CLP and cecal excision. Thus GM1892 appears to be a useful adjunct to fluid resuscitation, since it restores the depressed cardiovascular responses and decreases susceptibility to sepsis after trauma and hemorrhage.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Sustained elevation in circulating catecholamine levels during polymicrobial sepsis.

Although studies have indicated that the levels of catecholamines increase during sepsis, it remains unknown whether the elevated levels of epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine observed in early sepsis are sustained during late, hypodynamic stages of sepsis. In this study, rats were subjected to sepsis by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP, i.e., polymicrobial sepsis). Immediately after CLP or sham operation, animals received 3 mL/100 g body weight normal saline subcutaneously. At .5, 2, 10 (i.e., early sepsis), or 20 h (late sepsis) after CLP, blood samples were drawn and the plasma was separated. Plasma levels of epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine were determined using a [3H]-radioenzymatic assay. The results indicate that plasma levels of epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine increased significantly as early as .5 h after CLP. The increase in catecholamine levels persisted throughout the study periods. Thus, circulating levels of catecholamines were elevated in both early and late stages of polymicrobial sepsis. These results suggest that the increased catecholamine levels at .5-10 h after CLP may contribute to the hypermetabolic conditions that occur during early, hyperdynamic sepsis. However, there is a lack of an association between the elevated plasma catecholamine levels and hypometabolic/hypodynamic state in late sepsis.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Role of Kupffer cells in interleukin-6 release following trauma-hemorrhage and resuscitation.

Although interleukin-6 (IL-6) plays an important role in the pathophysiology of trauma-hemorrhage and resuscitation, the cellular origin of this inflammatory cytokine remains unknown. This study was undertaken to determine whether Kupffer cells (KC) are a major source of IL-6 release following trauma-hemorrhage and resuscitation. KC numbers were significantly (p < .05) reduced in vivo with gadolinium chloride (GdCl3; 10 mg/kg IV). KC-reduced (KC(-)) and KC-normal (saline-treated; KC(+)) rats underwent laparotomy (i.e., trauma-induced), followed by either sham operation or hemorrhage. Hemorrhaged rats were bled to and maintained at a mean arterial pressure of 40 mmHg until 40% of the shed blood volume was returned as Ringer's lactate, and then resuscitated with Ringer's lactate (four times shed blood volume over 1 h). Results indicate that KC reduction per se had no effect on any measured parameter at any time. At 0.5 and 2.0 h postresuscitation, mean arterial pressure, heart rate, cardiac output, stroke volume, and hematocrit were reduced to a similar extent in both the KC(+) and KC(-) hemorrhage groups. KC reduction did, however, significantly reduce plasma IL-6 concentration (means +/- S.E.; U/ml) at both 0.5 h (KC(+) = 709 +/- 391 vs. KC(-) = 159 +/- 5) and at 2.0 h (KC(+) = 527 +/- 394 vs. KC(-) = 83 +/- 20) postresuscitation. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that KC are a major source of in vivo IL-6 release following trauma-hemorrhage and resuscitation.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Downregulation of hepatocyte P2-purinoceptor binding capacity after trauma-hemorrhage/resuscitation.

Although P2-purinoceptors play an important role in the regulation of liver metabolism under normal conditions, it is not known if trauma-hemorrhage and resuscitation have any effects on such receptors. To study this, we performed a 5-cm midline laparotomy (i.e., trauma induced) on rats and then bled them to and maintained them at a mean arterial pressure of 40 mmHg until 40% of maximum bleedout volume was returned in the form of Ringer lactate (RL). The animals were then resuscitated with 3x the volume of shed blood with RL over 45 min followed by 2x RL over 95 min. Hepatocytes were isolated at the time of maximum bleedout or at 0, 4, 17, and 27 h after the completion of crystalloid resuscitation. P2-purinoceptor binding characteristics were determined in the isolated hepatocytes by using [alpha-35S]ATP. Scatchard analysis revealed high- and low-affinity components of P2-purinoceptors in hepatocytes from sham-operated as well as hemorrhaged and resuscitated animals. The maximum binding capacity (Bmax) of the high-affinity receptor component decreased at the time of maximum bleedout and at 4, 17, and 27 h after resuscitation. In addition to this, the Bmax of low-affinity receptor components also decreased at 4-27 h after resuscitation. In contrast, the dissociation constants of both receptor components were not altered. Because hemorrhagic shock produces abnormalities in glucose metabolism, the downregulation of hepatocyte P2-purinoceptor Bmax may be responsible for the altered glucose homeostasis under such conditions.

Adenosine Triphosphate↗
PubMed1994

ATP-MgCl2 treatment after trauma-hemorrhage/resuscitation increases hepatocyte P2-purinoceptor binding capacity.

Although our studies indicate that P2-purinoceptor binding capacity decreases after hemorrhage and resuscitation, it is not known whether ATP-MgCl2 administration after hemorrhage has any beneficial effects on the receptor dynamics. To study this, we performed laparotomy (i.e., trauma induced) on rats and bled them to and maintained them at a mean arterial pressure of 40 mmHg until 40% of maximum bleedout volume was returned in the form of Ringer lactate (RL). The animals were then resuscitated with 3 times the volume of maximum bleedout with RL over 45 min followed by 2 times RL along with ATP-MgCl2 (50 mumol/kg body wt) over 95 min. Hepatocytes were isolated at 4, 17, and 27 h after resuscitation. P2-purinoceptor binding characteristics were determined by using [alpha-35S]ATP. Scatchard analysis revealed high-affinity and low-affinity receptor components in the hepatocytes isolated from sham-operated or hemorrhaged animals with or without ATP-MgCl2 infusion. ATP-MgCl2 ameliorated and subsequently restored the decreased maximum binding capacity (Bmax) of the high-affinity receptor component and significantly improved Bmax of the low-affinity receptor component. ATP-MgCl2 administration also produced a progressive enhancement in the affinity of the low-affinity receptor component. Thus the beneficial effects of ATP-MgCl2 observed after trauma-hemorrhage and resuscitation may be, in part, due to the restoration of P2-purinoceptor binding capacity and the enhancement of the receptor affinity.

Adenosine Triphosphate↗
PubMed1982

Picture perception and abstract thought in schizophrenia.

Acute schizophrenics were compared with depressed, normal and brain-damaged subjects on their ability to appreciate a meaningful picture. Their responses were measured for level of abstraction (how well the theme was conveyed), for strategy (whether details were reported before or after a global interpretation) and for appropriateness of content. Schizophrenics were less abstract than normals, more abstract than brain-damaged subjects, but no different from depressives on this measure. Their strategy was different from normals but comparable with that of depressives. The majority of schizophrenics gave inappropriate responses. It is suggested that meaningful picture interpretation might be a useful tool for evaluating the distortion of meaning which characterizes schizophrenia.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1980

Significance of pauses for speech percetion.

Pauses can be used to facilitate certain operations involved in the production and in the perception of speech. In the case of speech perception, pauses have been found to improve the accuracy of detection and the recall of lists of digits and letters. The aim of the present experiments was to examine the effects of pause time on the perception of sentences. In experiment I, a semantic categorization task was used and in experiment II a sentence recall task. The results indicated that in sentences containing pauses between clauses, words were categorized more rapidly (experiment I) and propositions were recalled more accurately (experiment II, than in sentences containing pauses within the clause. The results are interpreted in the context of existing models of speech processing, and the significance of pause time for cognitive activity is discussed.

Female↗