Biomedical subjects

S S Yoon

Publications and source records attributed to S S Yoon.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

PubMed2006

Therapeutic use of granulocyte-colony stimulating factor could conceal residual malignant cells in patients with AML1/ETO+ acute myelogenous leukemia.

We have experienced a number of cases of AML1/ETO+ acute myelogenous leukemia that showed remission based on bone marrow (BM) morphological criteria, but that revealed clonal abnormalities in most cells by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). Interestingly, most of these cases had AML with AML1/ETO rearrangement. The malignant cells were differentiated and considered mature cells after granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) treatment. To clarify the possible mechanisms underlying this phenomenon, we investigated the expression levels of G-CSFR in AML cells with AML1/ETO rearrangement by flow cytometry and real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The number of AML1/ETO+ cells expressing G-CSFR at baseline was significantly higher than that of AML1/ETO- AML cells (2673 vs 522). In addition, the G-CSFR gene was more highly expressed in AML1/ETO+ cells than in AML1/ETO- cells by real-time PCR. This study reveals that cases showing remission after treatment with G-CSF mostly had leukemia with AML1/ETO rearrangement. This finding might be explained by the higher expression of G-CSF receptor in AML1/ETO+ cells than in AML1/ETO- cells. We recommend that remission should be confirmed by FISH, because malignant clones can be differentiated and masked in morphological examination or chromosome test, especially for AML with AML1/ETO rearrangement.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2006

Deafferentation-disconnection neglect induced by posterior cerebral artery infarction.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate patients with posterior cerebral artery (PCA) infarctions to learn whether hemispatial neglect is more frequent and severe after right than left PCA infarction; whether visual field defects (VFDs) influence the presence or severity of hemispatial neglect; and the anatomic loci of lesions that are associated with hemispatial neglect. METHODS: The authors recruited 45 patients with PCA infarction that involved only the occipital lobe or the occipital lobe plus other areas served by the PCA. All subjects received seven neglect tests within 2 months after onset. RESULTS: Overall, the frequency of hemispatial neglect was 42.2%. The frequency did not significantly differ between the right (48.0%) and left (35.0%) PCA groups, but the severity of hemispatial neglect was significantly greater in the right group. VFD alone did not influence the frequency or severity of neglect after controlling other variables. Isolated occipital lesions were rarely associated with hemispatial neglect, and it was only the occipital plus splenial lesion that significantly influenced the frequency and severity of neglect. CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that after excluding such confounding factors as aphasia or hemiplegia, neglect frequency does not differ between the right and left posterior cerebral artery (PCA) groups, but the severity of neglect is greater after right PCA infarctions; even in the acute stage of PCA infarction; visual field defect from an isolated occipital lesion does not cause hemispatial neglect; and the injury to both the occipital lobe and the splenium of the corpus callosum is important for producing hemispatial neglect with PCA infarction.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

Adhesion and growth of human umbilical vein endothelial cells on collagen-treated PU/PEGDA IPNs.

For ideal non-thrombogenicity under normal physiologic conditions, we propose endothelialization. Endothelialization means that synthetic biomaterials are seeded by endothelial cells to mimic natural blood vessels. In our study, we synthesized amphiphilic polyurethane (PU)/poly(ethyleneglycol)diacrylate (PEGDA) interpenetrating polymer networks (IPNs) with different levels of surface energy to investigate the effect of adhesion and the growth of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Collagen with cell-binding molecules was adsorbed on the surface of PU/PEGDA IPNs to enhance the adhesion of HUVECs. The morphology of collagens adsorbed on the IPN surfaces depends highly on the surface energy of the IPNs. As the surface becomes hydrophilic, there is greater aggregation of the adsorbed collagens on the IPN surface. The HUVECs successfully adhere to the collagen-immobilized IPN surface. The morphology of the endothelial cells (ECs) that adhere to IPN 2k-C and IPN 2k after 1 day and after 3 days incubation shows that ECs were successfully spread. The adhesion and the proliferation of ECs increase on non-treated IPN surfaces as the hydrophobicity of the IPNs increases. The surface energy of IPN 2k-C is suitable for the adhesion and proliferation of ECs. Therefore, platelet adhesion is significantly reduced on the EC-hybridized surface of IPNs.

Biopolymers↗

PubMed2004

Circulating angiogenic factor levels correlate with extent of disease and risk of recurrence in patients with soft tissue sarcoma.

BACKGROUND: Tumor angiogenesis, or new blood vessel formation, is regulated by a balance between pro-angiogenic factors such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), and anti-angiogenic factors such as endostatin. PATIENTS AND METHODS: To investigate this angiogenic balance in soft tissue sarcomas (STS), blood samples were collected from 76 STS patients and 15 healthy controls, and analyzed for VEGF, bFGF and endostatin using quantitative enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). RESULTS: Forty-one patients (54%) had primary tumors, 20 (26%) had local recurrences and 15 (20%) had metastatic disease with or without local disease. Levels of all three angiogenic factors were highly variable in STS patients. Mean levels of VEGF and bFGF were 12 and 14 times higher, respectively, in patients compared with controls (P<0.0001). VEGF levels correlated with size of tumor, with the highest levels found in tumors >10 cm in size. Patients with metastases had endostatin levels 45% lower than patients without metastases (P=0.047). In 54 patients who underwent resection of primary disease or local recurrence, low pre-operative bFGF level was associated with a higher risk of subsequent recurrence (P=0.044). CONCLUSIONS: STS secrete widely variable levels of angiogenic factors, and levels of specific factors may correlate with extent of disease, predict risk of recurrence and possibly guide the use of anti-angiogenic agents.

Adult↗

PubMed2004

Capecitabine monotherapy in patients with anthracycline- and taxane-pretreated metastatic breast cancer.

The selection of chemotherapeutic regimens is challenging for metastatic breast cancer (MBC) patients whose diseases have failed to respond to anthracyline and taxane. Capecitabine has advantages of oral administration and favorable toxicity profiles. This study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of capecitabine and to identify the subgroup of patients who would potentially have benefit from capecitabine monotherapy in patients with anthracycline- and taxane-pretreated MBC. Female patients with MBC who had been previously treated with anthracycline and taxane received oral capecitabine 2500 mg/m(2) divided in two doses daily for 2 wk with 1-wk rest period. Between September, 1999, and December, 2002, a total of 38 patients were enrolled. Among the 36 evaluable patients, one patient achieved a complete response (CR), 9 patients had partial responses (PRs), and 13 patients had stable diseases (SDs). Response rate was 26% [95% confidence interval (CI), 12-40%] and the tumor control rate (TCR, CR+PR+SD) was 61% (95% CI, 45-77%). The median follow-up duration was 27.8 mo. The median duration of response was 8.9 mo, the median time to progression was 4.6 mo, and the median overall survival was 18.1 mo. The major toxicities were hand-foot syndrome, diarrhea, and emesis. There was no treatment-related death. The predictors of better overall survival were positivity of hormone receptor, disease-free survival longer than 1 yr, non-refractoriness to anthracycline, and fewer number (<or= 3) of involved organs. Capecitabine monotherapy is effective and well tolerated for MBC patients who had previously been treated with anthracycline and taxane. The TCR could predict overall survival as well as the objective response in this study, suggesting a possible role of TCR as a surrogate marker for survival in MBC patients on salvage chemotherapy. The patients who have relatively slow growing tumor and less tumor burden could have benefit from capecitabine monotherapy following anthracycline- and taxane-based chemotherapy.

Administration, Oral↗

PubMed2003

Epi info - present and future.

Epi Info is a suite of public domain computer programs for public health professionals developed by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Epi Info is used for rapid questionnaire design, data entry and validation, data analysis including mapping and graphing, and creation of reports. Epi Info was originally created in 1985 using Turbo Pascal. In 1998, the last version of Epi Info for DOS, version 6, was released. Epi Info for DOS is currently supported by CDC but is no longer updated. The current version, Epi Info 2002, is Windows-based software developed using Microsoft Visual Basic. Approximately 300,000 downloads of Epi Info software occurred in 2002 from approximately 130 countries. These numbers make Epi Info probably one of the most widely distributed and used public domain programs in the world. The DOS version of Epi Info was translated into 13 languages, and efforts are underway to translate the Windows version into other major languages. Versions already exist for Spanish, French, Portuguese, Chinese, Japanese, and Arabic.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S.↗

PubMed2002

A randomized trial of heparin plus ursodiol vs. heparin alone to prevent hepatic veno-occlusive disease after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.

Hepatic veno-occlusive disease (VOD) is a common and serious regimen-related toxicity after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). There is no safe and proven therapy for established VOD, and focus has been on its prevention. Previous studies have shown that a continuous infusion of unfractionated heparin or ursodiol may reduce the incidence of VOD. In order to compare the efficacy of heparin plus ursodiol with that of heparin alone, we conducted a prospective, randomized study involving 165 consecutive patients who underwent HSCT for a variety of disorders. Eighty-two patients were assigned to receive heparin plus ursodiol, and 83 were assigned to receive heparin alone. Thirteen and 16 patients were diagnosed as having VOD in the heparin plus ursodiol group and the heparin alone group, respectively (15.9% vs 19.3%; P = 0.348). Eighty-nine percent of the heparin plus ursodiol group and 89.2% of the heparin alone group were surviving at day 100 post-HSCT (P = 0.298). The only independent variable associated with an increased risk of VOD was an allogeneic type of HSCT (P = 0.018). In conclusion, this study shows that there is no difference in efficacy between heparin plus ursodiol and heparin alone for the prevention of hepatic VOD.

Adult↗

PubMed2002

Isolation and characterization of bacteriophages from fermenting sauerkraut.

This paper presents the first report of bacteriophage isolated from commercial vegetable fermentations. Nine phages were isolated from two 90-ton commercial sauerkraut fermentations. These phages were active against fermentation isolates and selected Leuconostoc mesenteroides and Lactobacillus plantarum strains, including a starter culture. Phages were characterized as members of the Siphoviridae and Myoviridae families. All Leuconostoc phages reported previously, primarily of dairy origin, belonged to the Siphoviridae family.

Bacteriophages↗

PubMed2001

Multimodality therapy with a replication-conditional herpes simplex virus 1 mutant that expresses yeast cytosine deaminase for intratumoral conversion of 5-fluorocytosine to 5-fluorouracil.

Infection of tumor cells by herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) results in cell destruction and production of progeny virion in a process referred to as viral oncolysis. In this study, an HSV-1 mutant (HSV1yCD) was engineered such that the viral ribonucleotide reductase gene is disrupted by sequences encoding yeast cytosine deaminase, which efficiently metabolizes the prodrug 5-fluorocytosine (5-FC) to 5-fluorouracil (5-FU). HSV1yCD-infected cells convert 5-FC to 5-FU, which enhances cytotoxicity without significantly reducing viral replication and oncolysis. Oncolysis by a replicating HSV-1 mutant combined with therapeutic transgene delivery represents a new paradigm; HSV1yCD-infected cells are destroyed by viral replication, and uninfected cells are subjected to bystander killing from both progeny virion and extracellular diffusion of 5-FU. In contrast, HSV1yCD-mediated bioactivation of another prodrug, ganciclovir, impairs viral replication. HSV1yCD administered into the portal venous system replicates preferentially in liver metastases rather than normal liver. The anti-neoplastic activity of HSV1yCD combined with systemic 5-FC administration is greater than that achieved with HSV-1 replication alone. Combination oncolysis and prodrug bioactivation leads to significant prolongation of survival in mice with diffuse liver metastases.

Animals↗

PubMed2001

Characterization of a lytic Lactobacillus plantarum bacteriophage and molecular cloning of a lysin gene in Escherichia coli.

Bacteriophage SC921, which can infect Lactobacillus plantarum specifically, was isolated from a fermented vegetable source, Kimchi. This phage is active against six of 11 strains of L. plantarum tested as hosts. Morphologically, it has an isometric head (60 nm in diameter) and a non-contractile tail (260 nm long and 9-11 nm wide), indicating that it belongs to Bradley's group B or the Siphoviridae family according to the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV). The bouyant density was 1.58 g/cm3. SDS-PAGE experimentation indicated that the phage particle contains two major structural proteins and several minor proteins. The genome was a double stranded linear DNA molecule with cohesive ends and 66.5 kb long by mapping genomic DNA digested with the restriction endonucleases: KpnI, SmaI, and XbaI. The [G + C] content of the phage DNA is 39.4%. For this lysin gene study, 9.4 kb of KpnI-digested DNA fragment was cloned into pUC19 and expressed in Escherichia coli. The KpnI fragment was considered as the genetic element responsible for the lysis gene of L. plantarum bacteriophage. The cloned fragment in pUC19 was hybridized to a 9.4-kb fragment generated by KpnI digestion of SC 921 as a probe. This confirmed that the fragment in pUC19 originated from phage DNA. The lysin gene was near the middle of the phage genome.

Bacteriophages↗

PubMed2001

Interleukin 12 gene therapy of cancer by peritumoral injection of transduced autologous fibroblasts: outcome of a phase I study.

A phase I dose-escalation clinical trial of peritumoral injections of interleukin 12 (IL-12)-transduced autologous fibroblasts was performed in patients with disseminated cancer for whom effective treatment does not exist. The goals of this study were to assess the safety and toxicities as well as the efficacy, and ancillarily the immunomodulatory effects, of peritumoral IL-12 gene transfer. Primary dermal fibroblasts cultured from the patients were transduced with retroviral vector carrying human IL-12 genes (p35 and p40) as well as the neomycin phosphotransferase gene (TFG-hIL-12-Neo). Patients received four injections at intervals of 7 days. Nine patients were enrolled in this dose-escalation study, with secreted IL-12 doses ranging from 300 ng/24 hr for the first three patients to 1000, 3000, and 5000 ng/24 hr for two patients in each subsequent dosage level. Although a definite statement cannot be made, there appears to be perturbation of systemic immunity. Also, the locoregional effects mediated by tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) and CD8+ T cells were observed with tumor regression. Treatment-related adverse events were limited to mild to moderate pain at the injection site; clinically significant toxicities were not encountered. Transient but clear reductions of tumor sizes were observed at the injected sites in four of nine cases, and at noninjected distant sites in one melanoma patient. Hemorrhagic necrosis of tumors was observed in two melanoma patients. These data indicate that gene therapy by peritumoral injection of IL-12-producing autologous fibroblasts is feasible, and promising in patients with advanced cancer.

Adult↗

PubMed2001

Phase II study of high-dose lovastatin in patients with advanced gastric adenocarcinoma.

Lovastatin, an inhibitor of mevalonate synthesis, demonstrated in vitro antitumor activity against a variety of human cancer cells, especially in gastric adenocarcinoma cells at pharmacologically achievable concentrations. To determine the antitumor activity of this drug in advanced measurable gastric adenocarcinoma as well as to assess the toxicities and the pharmacokinetic features, we carried out a phase II study of high-dose lovastatin. Patients received lovastatin 35 mg/kg/day for 7 consecutive days, with ubiquinone (60 mg qid p.o.) to prevent rhabdomyolysis. The treatment was repeated every 28 days. From March 1996 to January 1997, 16 patients (median age, 57 years; range, 34-68) were entered into the study, 14 of whom were evaluated for response and toxicity. No patient achieved a response. A total of 28 cycles were administered. The median number of cycles was 2 (range, 1 to 4). Anorexia was the most common toxicity (64%), but decreased oral intake was observed only in 3 cycles. Two patients developed myalgia with elevated muscle enzyme. When used in this dosage and schedule, lovastatin does not appear to be effective for patients with advanced gastric adenocarcinoma.

Adenocarcinoma↗

PubMed2001

CHOP followed by involved field radiation: is it optimal for localized nasal natural killer/T-cell lymphoma?

The present study aimed to analyse the treatment outcome of four cycles of CHOP (cyclophosphamide-vincristine-doxorubicin-prednisolone) followed by involved field radiation therapy (IF RT) for the treatment of stage I-II nasal natural killer (NK)/T-cell lymphoma. From March 1995 to December 1999, 17 patients (median age 41 years; range 30-66) with localized nasal NK/T-cell lymphoma were enrolled. B symptoms were noted in five patients (31%). Sixteen of seventeen patients (94%) were of low risk when classified according to the International Prognostic Index (IPI). The treatment plan consisted of four cycles of CHOP chemotherapy followed by IF RT of 45 Gy. Two patients received radiation during the first or second cycle of CHOP because of bleeding from the primary tumour site. Both patients achieved complete responses (CRs). In the remaining 15 patients, after 4 cycles of CHOP, 6 CRs and 3 partial responses (PRs) were achieved (53% of response rate). IF RT was given to six patients (four in CR, one in PR and one in PD), and all six patients achieved CR. Overall, CR was achieved in 10 of 17 patients (58%). The planned sequential chemoradiotherapy was completed in only 6 of 17 patients (35%) because of the progression during chemotherapy. None of the patients who achieved CR experienced relapse of lymphoma during follow-up. The estimated overall three-year survival rate was 59%. In univariate analysis, B symptoms and stage were significant prognostic factors for response and overall survival (P < 0.05). The present study suggests that four cycles of CHOP followed by IF RT is not satisfactory for treating patients with localized nasal NK/T-cell lymphoma, and that further exploration for improved therapy is needed.

Adult↗

PubMed2001

Heat-related mortality in selected United States cities, summer 1999.

As part of a public health response to severe heat waves in the midwestern and northeastern United States in the summer of 1999, the authors actively solicited the number of heat-related deaths from 38 medical examiner and coroner jurisdictions comprising 35 metropolitan areas to enumerate heat-related deaths in areas affected by heat waves. They also determined the usefulness of these data for surveillance and rapid investigation of heat-related deaths. A total of 334 heat-related deaths were reported during the study period of July 1 - August 31. Minor changes in data collection and diagnostic criteria in some medical examiner and coroner jurisdictions would allow for greater comparability among jurisdictions. The National Association of Medical Examiners' position paper on heat-related mortality diagnosis provides important guidance to medical examiners and coroners regarding the certification of heat-related deaths and may require some refinement to address certain issues. Among these are certifying manner of death and classifying potential causes of heat-related death not involving hyperthermia or heat stroke, but where heat is a potential contributing factor to death. Medical examiners and coroners are an important resource for heat-related mortality research, and improvements in data collection and reporting could yield tremendous benefits to our understanding of and interventions for heat-related deaths.

Cause of Death↗

PubMed2001

Proteome analysis of metabolically engineered Escherichia coli producing Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate).

Recombinant Escherichia coli strains harboring heterologous polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) biosynthesis genes were shown to accumulate unusually large amounts of PHA. In the present study, integrated cellular responses of metabolically engineered E. coli to the accumulation of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) in the early stationary phase were analyzed at the protein level by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Out of 20 proteins showing altered expression levels with the accumulation of PHB, 13 proteins were identified with the aid of mass spectrometry. Three heat shock proteins, GroEL, GroES, and DnaK, were significantly up-regulated in PHB-accumulating cells. Proteins which play essential roles in protein biosynthesis were unfavorably influenced by the accumulation of PHB. Cellular demand for the large amount of acetyl coenzyme A and NADPH for the PHB biosynthesis resulted in the increased synthesis of two enzymes of the glycolytic pathway and one enzyme of the Entner-Doudoroff pathway. The expression of the yfiD gene encoding a 14.3-kDa protein, which is known to be produced at low pH, was greatly induced with the accumulation of PHB. Therefore, it could be concluded that the accumulation of PHB in E. coli acted as a stress on the cells, which reduced the cells' ability to synthesize proteins and induced the expression of various protective proteins.

Bacterial Proteins↗

PubMed2001

Treatment of acute cerebral infarction with arginine esterase: a controlled study with heparin.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: [corrected] There is no treatment proven to be of definitive benefit for ischemic stroke. Arginine esterase, a natural product from a snake venom, has been shown to reduce the serum fibrinogen level in human beings and may be useful in the treatment of ischemic stroke. In the present study, we compared the therapeutic effect of arginine esterase with that of heparin. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: We studied 50 consecutive patients with acute ischemic stroke who were admitted to the Asan Medical Center. We randomly administered either arginine esterase 0.005 unit/kg x 2 times/day or heparin (activated partial thromboplastin time 2-3 times of baseline value) intravenously for 7 days. Antiplatelets were administered afterwards in both groups. Blood fibrinogen, fibrinogen degradation product (FDP) and D-dimer levels were measured at 0, 6, 12, 18 h and 1, 2, 3, 7 and 30 days after the onset of stroke. NIH stroke scale was measured daily by 2 neurologists while Barthel index and Rankin scale were assessed at 7 days and 1 month after the onset of stroke by a research nurse. All these investigators were blinded to the therapeutic regimen each patient received. RESULTS: There were no significant differences in the mean age, gender proportion, stroke subtypes and baseline neurological severity between the two groups. One patient in the arginine esterase group died in an acute stage due to massive herniation and 1 in the heparin group underwent surgery for herniation. One (arginine esterase group) died of massive gastrointestinal bleeding due to previously unrecognized stomach cancer. Otherwise, no significant clinical and laboratory side effects were observed in both groups. In the arginine-esterase treated group, D-dimer and FDP levels were significantly (p < 0.05) elevated, and fibrinogen level significantly (p < 0.05) decreased at 2-7 days after the onset of stroke compared to the heparin-treated group. However, there was no significant difference in the neurological improvement reflected by NIH stroke scale, Barthel index and Rankin scale. CONCLUSION: Arginine esterase seems to be safe and has significant fibrinolytic effects when administered in the patients with acute ischemic stroke. However, in this preliminary study, it was not superior to heparin in terms of the improvement of neurological deficits. Further studies with larger doses and a larger number of subjects are required.

Acute Disease↗

PubMed2001

Iron chlorin e6 scavenges hydroxyl radical and protects human endothelial cells against hydrogen peroxide toxicity.

Iron chlorin e6 (FeCe6) has recently been proposed to be potentially antimutagenic and antioxidative. However, the antioxidant property of FeCe6 has not been elucidated in detail. In this study, we investigated the ability of FeCe6 to scavenge hydroxyl radical and to protect biomolecules and mammalian cells from oxidative stress-mediated damage. In electron spin resonance (ESR) experiments, FeCe6 showed excellent hydroxyl radical scavenging activity, whereas its iron-deficient molecule, chlorin e6 (Ce6) showed little effect. FeCe6 also significantly reduced hydroxyl radical-induced thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) formation and benzoate hydroxylation in a dose-dependent manner. The rate constant for reaction between FeCe6 and hydroxyl radical was measured as 8.5 x 10(10) M(-1) s(-1) by deoxyribose degradation method, and this value was much higher than that of most hydroxyl radical scavengers. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity of FeCe6 was also confirmed by ESR study and cytochrome c reduction assay, but its in vitro activity appeared to be less efficient in comparison with other well-known SOD mimics. In addition, FeCe6 appreciably diminished hydroxyl radical-induced DNA single-strand breakage and protein degradation in Fe-catalyzed and Cu-catalyzed Fenton systems, and it significantly protected human endothelial cells against hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) toxicity. These results suggest that FeCe6 is a novel hydroxyl radical scavenger and may be useful for preventing oxidative injury in biological systems.

Antioxidants↗

PubMed2000

Mapping and regulation of the tumor-associated epitope recognized by monoclonal antibody RS-11.

We have previously described a rat monoclonal antibody, RS-11, which recognizes a tumor-associated antigen common to several species. In the present study, we have cloned and characterized the antigen recognized by RS-11. We screened a phage expression library prepared from HeLa cDNA and identified a clone that reacts with RS-11. DNA sequence analysis revealed that this clone contains sequences of keratin 18 (nucleotides 568-1196). We constructed several glutathione S-transferase fusion proteins and synthetic peptides based on this DNA sequence analysis and examined their reactivity with RS-11 to accurately map the RS-11 epitope. We determined that the epitope resides within a region of seven amino acids on the alpha-helix 2B domain of keratin 18 in which two amino acids (Leu(366) and Lys(370)) are completely conserved among intermediate filaments as well as other keratin members that are immunoreactive with RS-11. These two residues are sequentially discontinuous but spatially adjacent. The RS-11 epitope is constitutively present in human primary cultured hepatocytes; however, its immunoreactivity with RS-11 is up-regulated by malignant transformation or stimulation with either epidermal growth factor or transforming growth factor alpha.

Amino Acid Sequence↗