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S Stansfield

Publications and source records attributed to S Stansfield.

5 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1998

Factors associated with smoking and the reasons for stopping in Maori and Europeans: a comparative study.

AIM: To compare the prevalence of smoking, factors associated with smoking, ex-smokers and reasons for stopping in Maori and Europeans aged 10 years and older. METHODS: Demographic and smoking data were obtained by personal interview using a standard questionnaire and assisted by Maori health carers. Report-back meetings were held. RESULTS: The smoking status in 713 subjects (Maori 52.5%, Europeans 47.5%) was: current smokers (Maori 48.1%, Europeans 19.8%); never smoked (Maori 28.1%, Europeans 47.5%); ex-smokers (Maori 23.8%, Europeans 32.7%). Of Maori smokers, 66.1% were women whereas of European smokers 47.8% were women. Significantly more Maori aged 10 to 29 years smoked than Europeans (p = 0.0002). Nineteen percent of smokers smoked < 5 cigarette equivalents per day, 68.8% smoked 5 to 20, and 12.2% smoked > 20 cigarettes per day. There was no gender difference in cigarette consumption. Maoridom (p = 0.00001), a less skilled occupation (p = 0.0008), lower income (< or = $15,000 p = 0.002) and alcohol consumption (p = 0.00001) were significantly associated with current smoking. Reasons for giving up smoking were health (majority), awareness of risks (Europeans), financial (Maori men), pregnancy (Maori women), social unacceptability (European women), on advice of medical practitioner (minority). CONCLUSIONS: Smoking remains a major problem in New Zealand, particularly in Maori. Stricter anti-tobacco measures than already exist, greater input from medical practitioners and particularly ongoing participation by Maori health carers should lead to a further decline in smoking.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Setting priorities for the Children's Vaccine Initiative: a cost-effectiveness approach.

To help the Children's Vaccine Initiative (CVI) achieve its goal of new and improved children's vaccines, we developed and applied a cost-effectiveness model to set priorities for vaccine development. The model measures the health benefits in additional Quality-Adjusted Life Years (QALYs) gained by the combined birth cohorts of all developing countries over an assumed useful life of a proposed vaccine (generally 10 years). It measures costs as the net cost of developing, procuring, and administering the vaccine to the same population and time frame compared to the status quo (the current vaccine, if any). It weights each dollar of in-kind allocation of the existing health infrastructure less heavily than a dollar cash outlay to purchase new vaccine to reflect severe constraints on foreign exchange and non-personnel costs. It expresses cost-effectiveness as the net cost per QALY. The model was applied to 13 candidate vaccines selected by the CVI for initial analysis on the basis of their near-term feasibility. The five most cost-effective improvements, each of which could generate a QALY inexpensively (below $25 per QALY), were an early-administration or an early two-dose measles vaccine, slow release tetanus toxoid (for women), improved typhoid vaccine, and hepatitis B combined with diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis vaccine.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed1988

Controlling pharmacy costs.

There are many costs associated with parenteral nutrition: physician time, nursing time, biochemical monitoring, patient education, ancillary equipment and the nutrition solutions themselves. The solutions are easily identified as responsible for a large proportion of these costs. There are several strategies that can be used to help control pharmacy costs, such as selection of ingredients, purchasing contracts, standardized formulae and prescribing procedures, preprinted doctor's order forms, automated manufacturing and labelling processes, patient monitoring, all-in-one preparation, and contracted manufacturing services. Individual pharmacies need to know what options are available in order to select those that, in the context of their own institutions, can lead to cost savings and improved efficiency.

Canada↗