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Biomedical subjects

S Sutherland

Publications and source records attributed to S Sutherland.

At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed1988

Rapid diagnosis of cytomegalovirus infection by in-situ hybridisation in liver grafts.

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a major cause of hepatic dysfunction after liver transplantation, but proof of infection and distinguishing CMV hepatitis from other causes of impaired liver function can be difficult. In-situ hybridisation for CMV-DNA in liver biopsy specimens was assessed in 25 liver graft recipients in whom CMV was suspected on clinical grounds. CMV-DNA was detected in all 10 patients with primary CMV infection, in whom a close correlation was found between the number of CMV-DNA-positive cells and both the number of cells containing viral inclusions identified by light microscopy and the clinical severity of disease. In contrast, CMV-DNA was not detected in patients with secondary CMV infection, or in those without evidence of CMV infection. In-situ hybridisation for CMV-DNA provides an accurate and rapid diagnosis of CMV infection, and allows specific antiviral therapy to be used earlier.

Complement Fixation Tests↗
PubMed1988

Growth patterns of first-generation Southeast Asian infants.

The growth patterns of Southeast Asian infants appear to differ from those of the National Center for Health Statistics standards for US children. This study examines the length, weight, and head circumference curves of 175 healthy, full-term, US-born Laotian and Cambodian infants seen periodically at a pediatric clinic from birth to 18 months of age. The median length, weight, and head circumference values of these infants were significantly lower than those of the National Center for Health Statistics standards for infants older than 6 months. These differences were more striking in girls than boys. A decision to observe rather than to pursue a diagnostic work-up in an otherwise healthy Southeast Asian infant who exhibits a slow growth pattern may be the most appropriate management style.

Body Height↗
PubMed1988

Viral typing.

Knowing the type and subtype of viruses has often been an essential preliminary to good infection control. A wide variety of methods have been and are used to differentiate virus variants. Examples are given of how some of these biological, immunological and molecular techniques have been used to investigate the epidemiology of some common virus infections.

Genotype↗
PubMed1988

Burned adolescents' descriptions of their coping strategies.

In an effort to describe adolescents' coping strategies after burns, eight postburn adolescents were interviewed. Their physical changes and their self-described behaviors and responses to changes in appearance, function, and potential are delineated. With the use of Lazarus' coping paradigm, mechanisms described by subjects were classified as problem focused or emotion focused. Comparison is made with coping mechanisms previously identified in adults. Subjects' problem-focused adjustments included the institution of comfort and therapeutic measures, the resumption of preburn style of dress, varied verbal responses to questioning and staring, the redirection of career goals, and adjustments to phobic neurosis. Emotion-focused adjustments included anger, acceptance of limitations, anticipation of ridicule or rejection, decreased focus on physical changes, a sense of loss, boredom with burns and their sequelae, and various defenses such as rationalization, denial, intellectualization, and humor. Identification of specific physical changes and responses permits the nurse to plan interventions and to provide anticipatory guidance accordingly.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1987

Production and characterisation of a human monoclonal antibody to cytomegalovirus and its use in an early nuclear fluorescence assay.

A human monoclonal antibody to cytomegalovirus (CMV) was produced by transforming peripheral blood mononuclear cells of a patient with recent CMV infection. It is directed against a late antigen located in the nucleus of CMV infected fibroblasts at 24-72 hours postinfection and immuneprecipitates 65K and 48K proteins from 35S-labelled CMV infected cells. Results of its use in an early nuclear fluorescence assay for rapid diagnosis are presented.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Typing and subtyping of herpes simplex isolates by monoclonal fluorescence.

The type specificity of 16 herpes simplex monoclonal antibodies was tested on 50 isolates previously typed by endonuclease restriction. A panel of antibodies was selected and used to type isolates from 50 primary and 50 recurrent genital infections. Sixty-four isolates from 18 patients followed up for six months were subtyped by using a larger panel of monoclonal antibodies and predominant HSV1 and HSV2 subtypes were demonstrated. In addition to confirming recurrences, four possible reinfections were identified. Type-specific differences in the location of viral antigens in infected cells were noted and a possible association of this finding with the type-specific differences in rates of recurrence of genital infections discussed.

Antibodies, Monoclonal↗
PubMed1986

Acyclovir in first attacks of genital herpes and prevention of recurrences.

Sixty women patients experiencing a first attack of genital herpes were randomly treated with either oral acyclovir for 42 days or oral acyclovir for five days followed by placebo for 37 days. The median time to the first recurrence in patients receiving acyclovir for 42 days was 66.5 days compared with 24 days in those who received acyclovir for only five days (p less than 0.0001). This significant difference, however, was only observed for the treatment period. The frequency of recurrences was also reduced during the period of treatment in those who received prolonged treatment. During the subsequent follow up period, however, patients in both groups had a similar frequency of recurrences. Patients with infections due to herpes simplex virus type I (HSV I) had a significantly longer time to the first recurrence (p less than 0.001) and fewer recurrences (p less than 0.001) than those infected with HSV II, irrespective of treatment.

Acyclovir↗
PubMed1985

Acute encephalopathy coincident with seroconversion for anti-HTLV-III.

Acute encephalopathy was associated with the appearance of antibodies to human T-lymphotropic virus (HTLV-III) in two patients. A third patient showed seroconversion for anti-HTLV-III, but the temporal association was not established so precisely. The illness was characterised by a prodromal period of up to 2 weeks, characterised by pyrexia, general malaise, and changes of mood. The encephalopathy culminated in epileptiform seizures in two of the patients. Electroencephalographic changes were compatible with viral encephalitis, and cerebrospinal-fluid pleocytosis was minimal. Neurological signs and symptoms resolved quickly in all patients, and no residual central-nervous-system sequelae were apparent.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1985

Rising prevalence of human T-lymphotropic virus type III (HTLV-III) infection in homosexual men in London.

The prevalence of antibody to HTLV-III has increased from 3.7% (4/107) amongst unselected British homosexual men attending a London sexually transmitted disease (STD) clinic during one week in March, 1982, to 21% (26/124) in those attending during one week in July, 1984. Seropositive men had a significantly higher prevalence of infection with hepatitis B virus than did seronegative men. 82% (27/33) of the seropositive men in 1984 were symptomless or had only local genito-urinary symptoms referable to the STD for which they were attending. The evidence suggests that HTLV-III was initially an imported but is now an endemic sexually transmitted agent. As of July, 1984, at least 2600 homosexual men in London would probably have been infected.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1985

Factors influencing the sensitivity of herpes simplex virus detection in clinical specimens in a simultaneous enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using monoclonal antibodies.

A rapid simultaneous enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using monoclonal antibodies was investigated for herpes simplex virus (HSV) detection. All HSV isolated (n = 127) were detected, whereas no response was obtained with HSV negative preparations. Equivalent results were obtained from 275 of 277 clinical specimens in the monoclonal ELISA and in an ELISA using polyclonal antibodies, confirming that appropriately selected monoclonal antibodies may be as efficacious as polyclonal antibodies in antibody-based assays. In clinical specimens, the rate of HSV detection (sensitivity) relative to tissue culture isolation was low for both assays, and the major factor responsible for this was the low concentration of virus present in some specimens. The sensitivity of ELISA obtained in routine use varied with different panels of unselected specimens and was related to the speed of development of the cytopathic effect. These results emphasise the need for caution in assigning a definitive sensitivity level to ELISA tests evaluated on different panels of specimens.

Antibodies↗
PubMed1985

An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of Brucella abortus in cattle using monoclonal antibodies.

One group of 24 cattle was vaccinated with the usual calfhood dose of B. abortus strain 19 and a further 27 cattle were similarly vaccinated but as adults. Twenty-four cattle (12 from each group) and a control group of 12 cattle were subsequently challenged with B. abortus strain 544. Two monoclonal antibodies (MA (A) and MA (B) ) conjugated to horseradish peroxidase were used independently in a competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to test the serums. After vaccination with B. abortus strain 19, the performance of the monoclonal antibodies was in general agreement with the CFT as fewer calfhood vaccinates were positive 12 weeks after vaccination to the ELISA with MA (A) and MA (B) than adult vaccinates. After challenge, MA (A) and MA (B) ELISA tests detected the infected cattle earlier than the CFT, but more positive reactions occurred in the cattle that proved uninfected at slaughter.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Early experience and difficulties with bronchoalveolar lavage and transbronchial biopsy in the diagnosis of AIDS associated pneumonia in Britain.

Bronchoalveolar lavage and transbronchial biopsy have been used as adjuncts to the management of patients with pneumonia associated with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) at the Middlesex Hospital and the experience gained and difficulties encountered in the first five cases are reported. Widely varying organisms were isolated from lavage aspirates, some of which may have been nasopharyngeal contaminants, and organisms cultured from the transbronchial biopsy specimens may offer a better guide to antimicrobial treatment. Pneumocystis carinii was found in two of the patients. In view of the potentially serious toxicity of high dose co-trimoxazole, continuation of this treatment may be inadvisable if Pneumocystis carinii is not identified by all available methods unless there are strong clinical grounds to suspect its presence.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗