Biomedical subjects
Publications and source records attributed to S T Finn-Bodner.
This is an introductory article on abdominal vascular ultrasound in dogs. An overview of the hemodynamics of venous and arterial blood flow and Doppler principles, spectral analysis, and velocity waveforms is given. The anatomic and Doppler features of major abdominal vessels that can be examined routinely with ultrasonography are discussed. Select cases of vascular pathology affecting various abdominal vessels in the dog and cat are described.
This article discusses the current state of neurosonography in veterinary medicine. After a brief introduction, indications, normal appearance, and appearance in pathology are discussed in separate sections for brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves. Each section is illustrated by selected images showing normal anatomy and pathology.
Interventional ultrasonography, including diagnostic, therapeutic, and intraoperative interventions, is a rapidly developing field in both human and veterinary medicine. Growing expertise and significant improvements in the technology have contributed to the innovation of numerous ultrasound-assisted procedures. Ultrasound-guided biopsy and fine-needle aspiration are now commonly performed. New techniques and the indications for other procedures such as cavity drainage, indwelling catheter placement, and intraoperative procedures are presented.
Chronic lameness was determined to be caused by desmitis of the accessory ligament of the deep digital flexor tendon and adhesions associated with these 2 structures. Desmotomy of the accessory ligament, resection of adhesions, and controlled exercise during convalescence resulted in return to normal use without apparent lameness.
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Twelve resected canine gallbladders (in vitro) and the gallbladder in each of 14 dogs (in vivo) were ultrasonographically examined. Gallbladder volume was calculated from ultrasonographically measured geometric dimensions, using 4 volumetric model formulas: cone, ellipse, biplanar ellipse, and prolate ellipse. Calculated volume was compared with true gallbladder volume, as measured by water displacement. All examined models for calculation of gallbladder volume were closely associated with true gallbladder volume (P < 0.005), and all models provided accurate predictions of true gallbladder volume (r2 > 0.80). Calculated volumes can be corrected mathematically by use of the regression coefficient and constant for each model. Body weight was not significantly associated with gallbladder volume in any of the models considered. Use of ultrasonography to accurately measure gallbladder volume could be combined with synthetic cholecystokinin-stimulated gallbladder emptying to provide information about biliary function and patency in icteric animals. Such information could aid the clinical decision between surgical or medical treatment. Correction of calculated volumes would not be necessary in association with induced emptying studies, because volume change is more important than absolute volume.
A model simulating acute-compressive spinal cord trauma at the second lumbar spinal cord segment (100 g, 300 seconds) was used to evaluate the efficacy of a vehicle control, methylprednisolone sodium succinate (MPSS), and a 21-aminosteroid compound (U74389G). Dogs were allocated into one of five treatment groups (A to E) using ultrasonographic determination of spinal cord diameters to ensure even distribution of spinal cord diameters among the treatment groups. Initial dosages of the vehicle control (A), methylprednisolone (30 mg/kg of body weight) (B), or U74389G (30 mg/kg, 3 mg/kg, or 10 mg/kg of body weight) (C, D, or E, respectively) were administered intravenously 30 minutes after trauma. Dosages were reduced by one-half for 2 and 6 hour treatments. Then every 4 hours for 42 hours, dosages were reduced one-third and one-sixth from the original dose of methylprednisolone and U74389G, respectively. Neurological examinations were performed daily for 21 days. Histopathological examination of the traumatized spinal cord showed malacic and degenerative lesions. Although significant differences in some portions of the neurological and histopathologic examinations were observed, clinical efficacy for MPSS and U74389G could not be established in this model.
Doppler ultrasonography was performed on the cerebral arteries of 19 neonatal dogs. Vascular structures were identified using anatomic preparations of brains pre-injected with a radiopaque silicone rubber product and cleared using a modified tissue clearing technique. Brain sections were subsequently radiographed or examined under a stereomicroscope. Color flow Doppler imaging was used to facilitate positioning of the Doppler calipers for measurement of peak systolic velocity, minimum diastolic velocity, and resistance index. Blood flow velocities in the internal carotid and middle cerebral arteries were lower when measured in transverse images than in sagittal images. The rostral cerebral arteries could be measured using either plane but values obtained from different locations or using different methods of measurement were statistically different. Blood flow velocities generally increased during the first month after birth. Arterial signals were diphasic with flow throughout diastole. Resistance indices most often were between 0.6 and 0.7 and did not exceed 0.86.
A one-year-old, intact male, 28-kg, mixed-breed dog developed neurological episodes consistent with emboli. An acquired III/VI holosystolic heart murmur was ausculted in the mitral area, and valvular endocarditis with pulmonic and aortic insufficiency were noted at echocardiographic examination. An abnormal communication (i.e., fistula) between the left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) and the left atrium adjacent to the mitral valve annulus was noted with Doppler imaging and confirmed with angiography. Infective valvular endocarditis was confirmed based on two of three blood cultures being positive for Staphylococcus intermedius. In humans, a sequela to infective endocarditis of the aortic or mitral valve, or both, is rupture of the mitral-aortic intervalvular fibrosa, resulting in a communication between the LVOT and the left atrium. This is the first report of this sequela in the dog.