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Biomedical subjects

S T Fry

Publications and source records attributed to S T Fry.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1989

Toward a theory of nursing ethics.

The development of nursing ethics as a field of inquiry has largely paralleled developments within the field of biomedical ethics. However, there is growing evidence that the development of a theory of nursing ethics might not necessarily follow a similar pattern. The value foundations of nursing ethics are derived from the nature of the nurse-patient relationship instead of from models of patient good, rights-based notions of autonomy, or the social contract of professional practice as articulated in prominent theories of medical ethics. The value foundations of nursing are analyzed, and a moral-point-of-view theory with caring as a fundamental value is proposed for the development of a theory of nursing ethics.

Empathy↗
PubMed1989

Ethical issues in organ retrieval from anencephalic infants.

A number of ethical issues have been created by the possibility of transplanting organs from anencephalic infants to other children who need an organ in order to live. The issues of moral justification of the practice, adequacy of informed consent procedures involved, and the potential constraints on female integrity are explored and the relevant arguments for and against transplantation efforts are discussed. Nurses are encouraged to become knowledgeable about the issues and to enter into public discussion of the issues as policy initiatives are proposed.

Anencephaly↗
PubMed1989

Teaching ethics in nursing curricula. Traditional and contemporary models.

The teaching of ethics in nursing education has become increasingly important in recent years. While it was an important part of early nursing education, it nearly disappeared from the nursing curriculum during the 1950s and 1960s. The traditional method of ethics teaching, the Scientific Model, is no longer used in nursing education. However, the contemporary models of ethics teaching--the Moral Concepts Model, the Moral Issues Model, the Clinical Practice Model, and the Ethics Inquiry Model--are being implemented into baccalaureate, graduate, and doctoral education in nursing. Having different goals and employing different teaching methods, these models promise to achieve the overall goal for teaching ethics to nurses: to produce a morally accountable practitioner who is skilled in ethical decision making. The uses of these model are encouraged in all aspects of nursing education, regardless of type of curriculum and faculty preparation to teach ethics. Given the availability of ethics resources and faculty seminars/workshops on ethics teaching strategies, all or part of any of the models can be easily implemented in the majority of nursing education programs.

Bioethical Issues↗
PubMed1989

Ethical issues in clinical research. Informed consent and risks versus benefits in the treatment of primary hypertension.

Clinical research involves a number of ethical issues for the nurse researcher and clinician. When new treatments, such as experimental drugs, are used in patient care, the issues of informed consent to treatment and the balancing of risks and benefits may be especially difficult to resolve. By understanding the functions and elements of informed consent, nurses can assist their patients to ask for and to comprehend the information they need to be truly and fully informed about treatment choices. Likewise, assessing the risks and benefits of an experimental treatment option, such as an experimental drug for the treatment of primary hypertension, may be important to the long-term health of patients. Nurses assist patient decision making and the assessment of relevant risks and benefits by being fully informed about the planned research and by applying knowledge of ethical principles to patient care. When nurses incorporate this type of ethical reflection and moral skill into nursing practice, they meet minimal moral obligations to patients.

Antihypertensive Agents↗
PubMed1987

The ethical dimensions of policy for prenatal diagnostic technologies: the case of maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein screening.

New technologies have dramatically increased the number of fetal abnormalities that can be detected and, in some cases, effectively treated during the prenatal period. Considering the potential health benefits to children and parents from early detection of fetal abnormalities, various forms of mandatory prenatal screening programs have been suggested. In order to explicate the ethical dimensions of mandatory screening in general and to demonstrate the role of nurses in prenatal screening programs, maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein screening is analyzed. The benefits, risks, and potential consequences from the broad use of this technology are discussed in conjunction with the rights of fetuses and pregnant women. An active role in the formation of health policy that might regulate new technologies affecting maternal-fetal-newborn health is suggested as a fundamental responsibility of the nursing profession.

Amniotic Fluid↗
PubMed1985

Individual vs aggregate good: ethical tension in nursing practice.

In this paper the ethical tension between the obligation to benefit the individual client and the obligation to benefit society is critically examined. Descriptions of both obligations in nursing practice as found in professional statements on practice standards, social policies and codes of ethics are discussed. Theoretical foundations for both ethical obligations are described and their implications for nursing practice are discussed. Since promoting one good over the other has serious implications for requirements of moral accountability in nursing practice, several strategies for the distribution of nursing resources and the balancing of the two obligations are proposed. It is concluded that meeting requirements for moral accountability in today's health care delivery system means being answerable for how the nurse determines the justifiability of promoting one good over the other and for articulating justifiable reasons for limiting the provision of either individual or aggregate good in specific nursing care situations.

American Nurses' Association↗