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Biomedical subjects

S T St Jeor

Publications and source records attributed to S T St Jeor.

28 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed1993

Obesity. Workshop III. AHA Prevention Conference III. Behavior change and compliance: keys to improving cardiovascular health.

The workshop provided the opportunity to discuss issues and develop and integrate ideas. The following recommendations for public policies, education programs, and high-priority research initiatives were developed: Recommendations for Public Policies: Focus on prevention by requiring school programs to emphasize appropriate diet, physical activity, and general health guidance to promote cardiovascular health and prevent disease through federal funding. Provide better access to exercise (city planning, work-site interventions). Influence food availability and accessibility. Influence reimbursement policies for effective early intervention and prevention strategies for obesity. Reevaluate policies for use of drugs in the treatment of obesity. Recommendations for Education Programs: Sponsor scientific workshop to: Define the most appropriate weight standards for prevention and treatment. Identify who should lose weight and why, when, and how. Promote the fact that obesity is an important health risk factor, even at moderate levels, and that excess visceral fat is particularly hazardous. Target health care professionals, consumers, and the media for education about: Nature of obesity as a heterogeneous syndrome. Recommendations for diet, exercise, behavioral interventions, drugs, and surgery. Recognition of special needs of populations of different ethnicity, gender, age, etc. State-of-the-art treatment and treatment programs. High-Priority Research Initiatives: Build better bridges between basic research and treatment/prevention practices. Acknowledge that obesity is a heterogeneous syndrome that may best be characterized as different obesities. Research on defining subtypes. Implications for etiology and treatment. Better characterization of genotypes and phenotypes. Study the effects of weight loss, weight gain,and weight cycling on medical and psychosocial outcomes and mortality.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Nutrition training in graduate medical (residency) education: a survey of selected training programs.

Because limited information exists about nutrition training of residents, we studied the teaching practices of nationally recognized nutrition programs. Two hundred thirty-eight nutrition educators and 787 residency-program directors identified 160 institutions with strong nutrition training. The 23 highest-ranked programs were surveyed and 7 were visited. The results showed that 1) clinically active physician-nutritionist role models are the key elements in teaching residents clinical nutrition; 2) multidisciplinary nutrition support teams are valuable learning resources unless they function primarily as technical support services; 3) nutrition elective rotations, although highly effective, are taken by a minority of residents; 4) the nutrition curriculum should include practical learning materials and conferences; and 5) a research environment is important to attract qualified physician-nutritionist role models. A major deficit is teaching nutritionally based approaches to disease prevention in the ambulatory setting. Finally, a shortage of nutrition-oriented physician role models is probably the major constraint in teaching nutrition to residents.

Curriculum↗
PubMed1990

A new predictive equation for resting energy expenditure in healthy individuals.

A predictive equation for resting energy expenditure (REE) was derived from data from 498 healthy subjects, including females (n = 247) and males (n = 251), aged 19-78 y (45 +/- 14 y, mean +/- SD). Normal-weight (n = 264) and obese (n = 234) individuals were studied and REE was measured by indirect calorimetry. Multiple-regression analyses were employed to drive relationships between REE and weight, height, and age for both men and women (R2 = 0.71): REE = 9.99 x weight + 6.25 x height - 4.92 x age + 166 x sex (males, 1; females, 0) - 161. Simplification of this formula and separation by sex did not affect its predictive value: REE (males) = 10 x weight (kg) + 6.25 x height (cm) - 5 x age (y) + 5; REE (females) = 10 x weight (kg) + 6.25 x height (cm) - 5 x age (y) - 161. The inclusion of relative body weight and body-weight distribution did not significantly improve the predictive value of these equations. The Harris-Benedict Equations derived in 1919 overestimated measured REE by 5% (p less than 0.01). Fat-free mass (FFM) was the best single predictor of REE (R2 = 0.64): REE = 19.7 x FFM + 413. Weight also was closely correlated with REE (R2 = 0.56): REE = 15.1 x weight + 371.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Nutrition education curriculum at the University of Nevada School of Medicine.

This article describes a developing nutrition education curriculum for the University of Nevada School of Medicine, a small and progressive, community-based medical school. The curriculum has been planned to reflect the longitudinal, interdisciplinary, and comprehensive integration of nutrition into new required and existing courses so that timely delivery of knowledge and development of skills will occur in the basic science years followed by direct application in the clinical clerkships. The availability of the "Nutrition and Cancer Education Objectives" is timely and provides overall direction and curricular goals for the simultaneous development of nutrition-cancer education. The coordination of the four-year curriculum of the entire medical school can be specifically targeted for the incorporation of this needed information synergistically at a most opportune time.

Chronic Disease↗
PubMed1984

Augmented gastric inhibitory polypeptide and insulin responses to a meal after an increase in carbohydrate (sucrose) intake.

The gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) response to certain stimuli may be exaggerated in patients with obesity and noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. To explore the effects of increased caloric intake and dietary composition on GIP secretion, 20 normal lean volunteers underwent a 4-week ambulatory study. A baseline week (usual diet) was followed by 3 weeks in which the usual diet was supplemented with 45 g fat (diet A), 100 g carbohydrate in the form of sucrose (diet B), or 50 g protein (diet C) for 1 week each. Almost equal numbers of subjects followed sequence ABC, BCA, or CAB in this cross-over study. At the end of the baseline week and each study week, serum glucose, insulin, and GIP were measured in response to a 500-cal liquid test meal. Daily intake of carbohydrate, protein, or fat, as monitored by food records, increased significantly (P less than 0.01) during the appropriate dietary periods, whereas body weight changed slightly, but not significantly, during the 3 study periods. No changes occurred in the total integrated serum glucose concentrations, whereas integrated insulin concentrations changed significantly (P less than 0.05), being 32.5 +/- 3.1 (+/- SEM), 37.2 +/- 4.0, and 30.3 +/- 3.1 microU/ml min-1 during periods A, B, and C, respectively. Insulin secretion was greatest during period B, the carbohydrate week, when insulin concentrations 15-60 min after the test meal were significantly greater (P less than 0.05 to P less than 0.01) than after the baseline period. Total integrated incremental serum GIP concentrations were also significantly different (P less than 0.01) during the 3 study periods, being 1.93 +/- 0.13, 2.53 +/- 0.24, and 1.90 +/- 0.11 ng/ml min-1 during A, B, and C, respectively. Serum GIP was highest during period B (carbohydrate), when average concentrations were significantly higher (P less than 0.01) 15-60 min after the meal compared to those during the baseline study. Similar changes did not occur with the other diets. Thus, GIP and insulin secretion were substantially altered by an acute increase in sucrose intake. The exaggerated GIP response to a meal in some patients with obesity may possibly be the result of adaptation of intestinal GIP cells to diet, particularly one rich in sucrose.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Variability in nutrient intake in a 28-day period.

This study of food logs showed that although individual intake varied widely, there were no significant differences in the intake of energy or seven selected nutrients from week to week over a four-week period. With the exception of protein, there was no difference attributable specifically to the day of the week. Thus, it is concluded that 7-day records most accurately reflect intake over periods of up to 28 days. A 4-day record, covering a weekend (Friday through Monday), also correlates well with information collected for 7, 14, and 28 days.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Dietary fat consumption in a cohort of American adults, 1985-1991: covariates, secular trends, and compliance with guidelines.

PURPOSE: To examine compliance with the guideline for dietary fat (i.e., 30% of total daily colonies) and covariates of fat intake in a cohort of adults using both 24-hour recall and food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). DESIGN: Prospective, observational cohort study over 5 years. SETTING: Community-based sample in Reno, Nevada. SUBJECTS: Equal numbers of male and female, lean and overweight adults (n = 508), recruited from 1985 to 1986, of whom 348 completed all relevant surveys. MEASURES: Subjects underwent repeated anthropometric measures and completed extensive surveys on diet, weight cycling, lifestyle, and physical activity. RESULTS: Mean fat intake by 24-hour recall declined from 36.9% to 33.6% of calories between years 1 and 5 (p < .001), while calorie intake increased (p = .2). As measured by FFQ at year 2, mean fat intake was 39.1% of calories, and only 11.8% of subjects were in compliance with the guideline for dietary fat intake. Fat intake by FFQ at year 2 was statistically higher than by 24-hour recall in year 1 for lean women (p = .02) and lean men (p = .02), but not for the overweight of either gender, and was significantly higher than the year 5 24-hour recall for all categories of gender and weight (p < .001). Calorie intake, gender, and body mass index were significant in regression models that explained less than 10% of total variability in fat intake (r2 = .08; p < .01). CONCLUSIONS: Compliance with the nationally recommended level of dietary fat intake was poor in this cohort, especially as measured by FFQ. Variability in fat intake was largely unexplained by host characteristics, including education. Further study is required to corroborate secular trends in population fat intake, elucidate the determinants of such intake, and identify cost-effective strategies for reducing the consumption of dietary fat.

Adult↗