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Biomedical subjects

S T Tiffany

Publications and source records attributed to S T Tiffany.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2001

The cue-availability paradigm: the effects of cigarette availability on cue reactivity in smokers.

Researchers have hypothesized that drug availability should influence addicts' reactions to drug-related stimuli, but manipulations of the extent to which drug users have access to their drugs following a session of exposure to drug cues have not produced strong availability effects. This study used within-session manipulations of drug availability to examine cigarette smokers' reactions to smoking cues. Smokers (N = 60) were exposed to 48 trials of either a lit cigarette or a glass of water while they were informed of the probability (0%, 50%, or 100%) that they would be able to consume the cue on each trial. Results from measures of craving, mood, skin conductance, and latency to access the cues indicated that the trial-by-trial manipulation of drug availability had a pronounced impact on reactivity to cigarette cues.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

The impact of imagining personalized versus standardized urge scenarios on cigarette craving and autonomic reactivity.

A cue-reactivity paradigm was used to investigate the effects of personalizing imagery materials on smokers' reactivity to smoking cues. Cigarette smokers (n = 60) described situations used to create 4 personalized imagery scripts: positive mood/urge, positive mood/no urge, neutral mood/urge, and neutral mood/no urge. Their reactivity to these scripts as well as 4 standardized imagery scripts and 4 personalized scripts of another smoker was assessed. Personalization led to greater vividness, positive mood, and relevance ratings compared with the other 2 script types. Personalization of urge material did not enhance craving beyond that generated by the other 2 script types but did suppress craving under no-urge conditions. Findings stand in contrast to current conceptualizations of craving regarding the proposed impact of personalization on craving and suggest alternative mechanisms by which imagery cues influence craving generation.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Evaluation of the brief questionnaire of smoking urges (QSU-brief) in laboratory and clinical settings.

A brief, 10-item version of the Questionnaire of Smoking Urges (QSU; Tiffany & Drobes, British Journal of Addiction 86:1467-1476, 1991) was administered to 221 active cigarette smokers in a laboratory setting (Study 1) and to 112 smokers enrolled in a comprehensive smoking cessation program (Study 2). In the laboratory setting, craving to smoke was evaluated in response to neutral and smoking-related stimuli. In the clinical setting, craving was assessed prior to cessation and again during treatment. Factor analyses revealed that a two-factor solution best described the item structure of the QSU-Brief across conditions. Factor 1 items reflected a strong desire and intention to smoke, with smoking perceived as rewarding for active smokers. Factor 2 items represented an anticipation of relief from negative affect with an urgent desire to smoke. The findings were consistent with the expressions of craving found in the 32-item version of the QSU (Tiffany & Drobes, 1991). Regression analyses demonstrated stronger baseline mood intensity and self-reported tendency to smoke to achieve pleasurable effects and to experience the desire to smoke when cigarettes are unavailable were predictive of general levels of craving report in active smokers in the laboratory and clinical setting. The findings supported a multidimensional conceptualization of craving to smoke and demonstrated the utility of a brief multidimensional measure of craving.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Measuring nicotine dependence among youth: a review of available approaches and instruments.

This paper reviews issues and concepts related to the measurement of nicotine dependence among youth. The primary objectives of this review are to: (1) review the measures of nicotine dependence currently being used; and (2) delineate a future research agenda in an attempt to advance the quality of measurement and instrumentation for this important research endeavor. Existing measures of nicotine dependence, including formal diagnostic interviews, related withdrawal assessments, brief self-report measures, and single-item indicators, are described. While formal diagnostic systems have been considered the 'gold standard' for evaluating dependence clinically, their specific limitations related to use for research purposes are outlined. Each broad class of measure is evaluated in terms of its rationale for use, strengths and limitations, and the extent to which it has successfully been applied to adolescent populations. A research agenda follows in the second section of the paper. In this section, the need for identification and inclusion of a standard set of optimal dependence measures, for enhancement of current measures, and for the onset of a new and comprehensive measures development program is outlined.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Are adolescent smokers dependent on nicotine? A review of the evidence.

This paper reviews the empirical literature on adolescent nicotine dependence, withdrawal, and their associated features. Data documenting nicotine dependence scores, diagnoses, and individual features among adolescents are reviewed in detail and compared to observations based on adult smokers. These data are derived from a broad variety of sources, including national surveys, school-based surveys, and smoking cessation studies. Overall, results indicate that one to three out of five adolescent smokers is dependent on nicotine, with some adolescent groups clearly at higher risk for dependence (those who are incarcerated, in vocational schools, daily smokers, and/or heavy smokers). Across studies, data consistently indicate that a large majority (two-thirds or more) of adolescent smokers report experiencing withdrawal symptoms during attempts to quit or reduce their smoking. Craving or strong desire to smoke was the most commonly reported withdrawal symptom in every study reviewed. Although analyses of concurrent validity generally support the dependence and withdrawal findings among adolescents, data on the predictive validity of measures used are needed. Moreover, studies of adolescent tobacco withdrawal rely almost exclusively on retrospective self-report data. Recommendations for enhancing methodology and advancing our understanding of adolescent nicotine dependence and withdrawal are offered.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Associative and non-associative fentanyl tolerance in the rat: evaluation of cross tolerance with mu-and kappa-specific opioids.

RATIONALE: Associative tolerance to the analgesic effects of morphine is most pronounced when morphine is paired with a distinctive context at a long interdose interval (IDI). In contrast, morphine administered at a short IDI promotes the development of non-associative tolerance and disrupts the acquisition of associative tolerance. The impact of IDI on the development of associative tolerance to opioids other than morphine has not been investigated previously. OBJECTIVES: This research examined associative and non-associative tolerance to the analgesic effects of fentanyl in rats. Cross tolerance for these two forms of tolerance with morphine (mureceptor agonist) and U50,488H (kappa-receptor agonist) analgesia was also investigated. METHODS: Animals were given eight fentanyl injections (0.10 mg/kg) paired or unpaired with a distinctive context at either a 3-h (short) or 96-h (long) IDI. Subjects were then tested for tolerance in the distinctive context using the tail-flick procedure and dose-response curve methodology. RESULTS: At the short IDI, animals developed non-associative tolerance to fentanyl that was receptor specific, i.e., cross tolerant with morphine analgesia but not with U50,488H analgesia. At the long IDI, fentanyl-tested animals displayed tolerance that appeared to be controlled primarily by associative processes. This associative form of tolerance was also receptor specific, displaying cross tolerance with morphine but not with U50,488H. CONCLUSIONS: The impact of IDI on the development of non-associative and associative fentanyl tolerance is consistent with findings obtained with morphine showing that conditions conducive to the development of non-associative tolerance disrupt the acquisition of associative tolerance. The cross-tolerance data, however, did not parallel previous research examining the cross-tolerance profiles of associative and non-associative morphine tolerance.

3,4-Dichloro-N-methyl-N-(2-(1-pyrrolidinyl)-cycloh↗
PubMed2000

Effects of transdermal nicotine patches on abstinence-induced and cue-elicited craving in cigarette smokers.

The impact of a transdermal nicotine patch on smokers' craving for cigarettes and reactivity to smoking cues was investigated. Sixty-one smokers were assessed during 2 sessions separated by 6 hr. Cue reactivity to imaginal and in vivo smoking and nonsmoking stimuli was evaluated during both sessions. During the interval between sessions, participants were abstinent from cigarettes and wore either a nicotine transdermal (21 mg) or placebo patch. In both sessions, exposure to in vivo and imaginal smoking stimuli elicited cue-specific increases in craving, negative affect, vividness, heart rate, and skin conductance. The nicotine patch attenuated craving and other effects induced by abstinence from cigarettes but had no selective impact on craving or any other reaction elicited by smoking cues. These results are discussed in terms of models of craving and clinical implications of transdermal nicotine for craving reduction.

Administration, Cutaneous↗
PubMed2000

The impact of imagining completed versus interrupted smoking on cigarette craving.

A brief imagery procedure was used to determine the effects of imagining completed versus interrupted smoking on self-reported craving, mood, autonomic functioning, and reaction time to an auditory probe. Cigarette smokers (N = 60) imagined actively participating in 3 types of scenarios in which they (a) engaged in smoking behavior, (b) attempted to smoke but were interrupted by a lack of cigarettes, and (c) were not confronted with smoking cues. Imagining both completed and interrupted smoking produced equivalent increases in craving compared with imagining neutral scenarios. Imagery of interrupted smoking was associated with higher heart rate and increased negative mood relative to the other scenario types, whereas imagery of completed smoking was associated with slower reaction time on the probe reaction-time task. Theoretical and methodological implications of the results are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Challenges in the manipulation, assessment and interpretation of craving relevant variables.

The nature of drug craving and its role in the addictive process is a contentious issue in the addiction sciences. There are numerous disputes regarding the definition, assessment, manipulation and interpretation of craving, and progress toward resolving the enigmas of craving confronts numerous conceptual and methodological challenges. Greater attention to certain fundamental principles of measurement and manipulation should generate immediate and substantial improvements in efforts to understand and control alcohol craving. This paper provides suggestions for enhancing the measurement of self-reported alcohol craving and improving the manipulation of alcohol craving under controlled laboratory conditions. With regard to measurement, single-item scales commonly employed in craving research tend to be handicapped by limited reliability and validity. Multi-item craving scales are more likely to provide the accuracy required to accurately discriminate between different levels of craving across individuals or across different settings. Conceptual and practical considerations for the selection of multi-item craving instruments are discussed. With regard to the manipulation of alcohol craving in the laboratory, recent meta-analyses suggest that alcohol craving effects in such research may be relatively weaker than craving effects found in similar research with other addicts. Therefore, laboratory-based investigations into the nature of alcohol craving should utilize procedures and assessments that are particularly sensitive to the detection of alcohol craving. This paper offers methodological recommendations for enhancing the magnitude of alcohol craving effects generated in laboratory research.

Alcohol-Related Disorders↗
PubMed2000

The measurement of drug craving.

This paper reviews theoretical and methodological issues in the measurement of drug craving, with an emphasis on self-report assessment. Despite the important role that craving plays in many research and clinical settings, the way in which the construct is conceptualized and measured rarely receives sufficient attention. Issues pertinent to conceptualizing craving are identified. Because there is no single perfect measure of craving, it is essential that researchers understand the limitations of each measure. Measurement performance concerns that affect the validity of different measures are reviewed. Non-verbal assessment methods are also reviewed. Research factors that may help determine the optimal measures for a given study are highlighted. It is concluded that advances in assessment will proceed only when combined with additional research and a better theoretical understanding of craving.

Behavior, Addictive↗
PubMed1999

Context-specific morphine tolerance on the paw-pressure and tail-shock vocalization tests: evidence of associative tolerance without conditioned compensatory responding.

RATIONALE: Demonstrations of associative tolerance to the analgesic effects of morphine, not confounded by practice or novelty effects, have been restricted to the tail-flick and flinch-jump tests. OBJECTIVES: Experiment 1 investigated whether associative tolerance would be found on two other nociceptive assessment methods: the paw-pressure withdrawal and tail-shock vocalization thresholds. Experiment 2 tested the hypothesis that conditioned compensatory behavioral responses are the substrate of associative morphine tolerance in the paw-pressure, tail-shock, and tail-flick tests. METHODS: Rats were given eight morphine injections (20 mg/kg, i.p.) explicitly paired or unpaired with a distinctive context. Control animals were given saline injections over the course of conditioning. Animals were then tested after morphine (experiment 1) or placebo injections (experiment 2) in the context. RESULTS: There was evidence of context-specific tolerance across both testing methods, with a rightward shift of dose-response curves of paired relative to unpaired animals. No evidence of conditioned compensatory responding was found on any of the three testing methods. CONCLUSIONS: The data indicated that, although Pavlovian processes can play a major role in tolerance acquisition, there was little support for the thesis that the conditioned tolerance response is a behavioral effect that is opposite in direction to the direct effects of the drug.

Analgesics, Opioid↗
PubMed1999

Meta-analysis of cue-reactivity in addiction research.

AIMS: The cue-reactivity procedure exposes addicts to a variety of drug-related stimuli while self-report of craving and physiological responses are monitored. The present review sought to determine the magnitude and overall pattern of responses typically found in cue-reactivity research and which, if any, learning-based model of cue reactivity is best supported by the findings. DESIGN: Meta-analytical techniques were used to select and evaluate results from 41 cue-reactivity studies that compared responses of alcoholics, cigarette smokers, cocaine addicts or heroin addicts to drug-related versus neutral stimuli. Effect sizes were calculated, separately by addict type, for self-report of craving and physiological responses (heart rate, sweat gland activity and skin temperature). FINDINGS: Across all addict groups, the effect size for craving was +0.92. Alcoholics had a significantly smaller craving effect size (+0.53) compared to other addict groups (+1.18 to +1.29). Relatively smaller effect sizes were found for physiological responses. The general profile of effect sizes across all addict groups was increased heart rate (+0.26) and sweat gland activity (+0.40) and decreased skin temperature (-0.24) when addicts were presented with drug-related stimuli. CONCLUSIONS: The cue-reactivity paradigm can produce a stable profile of significant effects and, therefore, has a number of potential applications for investigating addictive phenomena. The implications of these findings for conditioning-based models of cue-reactivity phenomena are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Cognitive concepts of craving.

Traditional models of craving have been based primarily on the concept of classical conditioning. In recent years, however, researchers increasingly have introduced cognitive concepts, such as memory, expectancies, interpretation, and automatic behavior, into their conceptualizations of craving. These efforts have culminated in the development of four cognitive models of craving: cognitive labeling, outcome expectancy, dual-affect, and cognitive processing. The cognitive processing model posits that although many alcohol use behaviors have become automatized processes in the course of an alcoholic's drinking career, craving is a nonautomatic process that requires mental effort and is limited by a person's cognitive capacity. This model also implies that alcohol use and alcohol-seeking behavior can occur in the absence of craving. In addition to introducing various new concepts and models into craving research, the cognitive sciences also offer well-established methodologies for testing these models and analyzing craving processes.

Alcoholism↗
PubMed1999

Animal models of craving: a roundtable discussion.

Five experts respected for their work in the development of animal models of alcohol craving offer their perspectives in a roundtable discussion format. The panel members discuss the various definitions and theories of alcohol craving and the benefits and limitations of using animal models to study alcohol craving in humans. Animal models have helped further the understanding of craving by providing information about behavior associated with craving. Animal models do have limitations, however. The fact that animals cannot "talk" about their feelings poses difficulties for researchers seeking to map an animal analog of craving onto the human experience.

Alcoholism↗
PubMed1998

Is craving the source of compulsive drug use?

Compulsive drug use, which is typically portrayed as a defining quality of addictive behavior, has been described as a pattern of drug consumption that is stimulus bound, stereotyped, difficult to regulate and identified by a loss of control over intake. It is widely assumed that compulsive drug use is caused by drug craving. This assumption is supported by numerous findings of a general correspondence between measures of craving and drug-use behavior. A more focussed analysis of the available data, however, reveals that craving and drug use are not coupled to the degree required by the hypothesis that craving is the source of all drug use in the addict. As an alternative to this craving-based view, compulsive drug use could be characterized as a form of automatized behavior. Automatic performance is assumed to develop over the course of repeated practice of motor and cognitive skills. Automatized behavior, like compulsive drug use, tends to be stimulus bound, stereotyped, effortless, difficult to control and regulated largely outside of awareness. The formulation of drug compulsion as a manifestation of automaticity rather than craving allows addiction researchers to apply methods and measures derived from cognitive sciences to investigate the fundamental organization of compulsive drug-use behavior.

Cognition↗
PubMed1997

Induction of smoking urge through imaginal and in vivo procedures: physiological and self-report manifestations.

This experiment assessed reactivity to imaginal and in vivo smoking and control cues. One hundred current smokers were assessed during 2 sessions separated by a 6-hr interval, and half of the participants were abstinent from smoking over this interval. Verbal and physiological reactivity measures were selected based on their relevance for several models of urge. Results indicated that imaginal and in vivo smoking cues were equally effective at eliciting high levels of self-reported urges. Smoking deprivation led to a general enhancement in urge report, rather than a specific increase to smoking cues. Physiological responding differed somewhat as a function of urge induction method, although autonomic responses to smoking cues were uniformly consistent with the direct effects of nicotine. There was no relationship between verbal and physiological urge indices. Implications of the findings for several contemporary models of drug urges are discussed.

Adult↗