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S Toikkanen

Publications and source records attributed to S Toikkanen.

53 records · Page 3Linked to original sources
PubMed1991

Prognosis of breast cancer with small primary tumor (pT1).

Prognosis of 141 women with pT1 breast cancer from a defined urban area was investigated. Only one of the 47 women with a primary tumor diameter less than or equal to 10 mm in diameter (pT1a or pT1b) died from breast cancer within 5 years after the diagnosis. The 5-year survival rate corrected for intercurrent deaths of the women with pT1c cancer (from 11 to 20 mm in diameter, n = 94) was 83%; 96% in pT1cN0 and 62% in pT1cN+ cancer respectively (p less than 0.0001). In a multivariate analysis axillary nodal status and S-phase fraction determined by flow cytometry were independent prognostic factors. The excellent survival of women with pT1a or pT1b breast cancer, and women with pT1cN0 breast cancer with no axillary nodal metastases, does not support the policy of giving adjuvant treatment to all women with breast cancer.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

DNA index and S-phase fraction and their combination as prognostic factors in operable ductal breast carcinoma.

The prognostic significance of DNA ploidy, DNA index (DI), and S-phase fraction (SPF) and their various combinations were studied together with 16 other clinicopathologic factors in 222 patients with operable invasive ductal breast carcinoma. The patients have been followed for a minimum of 22 years after the diagnosis or until death. Nuclear DNA content was determined by flow cytometry from paraffin-embedded tissue. Patients with DNA diploid cancer (n = 57, 26%) had better survival rate corrected for intercurrent deaths than patients with nondiploid cancer (P = 0.002), and also, a small SPF (less than or equal to 14%, calculated in 134 cases) was associated with a favorable outcome in a univariate analysis (P = 0.01). The prognostic value of the DI and SPF was increased if they were combined. The most effective combination was obtained if diploid cancers were grouped together with DNA aneuploid cancers with a DI less than 2.1 and an SPF less than 14%. This combination had considerable prognostic value in a univariate analysis (P = 0.0002) and had independent prognostic value (P = 0.04) in Cox's multivariate analysis together with the primary tumor size (P less than 0.001) in axillary node negative patients but not in axillary node positive patients. In the whole series the presence of axillary nodal metastases (P less than 0.001), high mitotic count (P less than 0.001), a large primary tumor size (P = 0.001), poorly circumscribed tumor margin (P = 0.005), and slight or absent tubule formation (P = 0.05) were the only independent prognostic factors in a multivariate analysis.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Nuclear DNA content as a prognostic factor in T1-2N0 breast cancer.

One hundred fifteen patients with postsurgical stage T1-2N0 breast cancer with the minimum follow-up of 22 years and from a defined population were studied to find reliable prognostic factors predicting long-term survival rate. The 30-year survival rate corrected for intercurrent deaths was 75%, and no deaths of breast cancer occurred after the nineteenth year of follow-up. The 30-year crude survival rate was only 28%, indicating that the great majority of these patients ultimately die of other causes than breast cancer. The nuclear DNA content could be determined by flow cytometry in 95 of the 115 cases, and 52 (55%) of them were nondiploid. DNA ploidy (diploid vs. nondiploid, P = 0.11) did not have a significant influence on long-term survival rate, but cancers with the DNA index less than 1.2 had more favorable prognosis in a univariate analysis than those with the DNA index more than 1.2 (P = 0.02). The most important independent prognostic factor in Cox's multivariate analysis was the presence of lymphatic vessel invasion of cancer cells (P less than 0.001). Several other factors, including histologic grade and type, extent of necrosis, type of tumor margin, age at diagnosis, and primary tumor size could be shown to be of prognostic value in univariate and/or multivariate analyses.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Prognostic factors and long-term survival in breast cancer in a defined urban population.

During the years 1945-1965 461 women in the city of Turku, Southwestern Finland, were diagnosed as having a biopsy-verified breast cancer. Four-hundred and thirty-nine patients (95%) with complete clinicopathologic data have now been followed up for a mean of 28 years (range from 22 to 42 years) or until death. The survival rate corrected for intercurrent deaths was 44%, 35%, and 34% 10, 20, and 30 years after the diagnosis, respectively. Only 1.2% of all deaths caused by breast cancer occurred more than 20 years after the diagnosis, and therefore about one third of the patients are likely to be cured. Fifty-six (12.8%) patients developed a second primary breast cancer or cancer of other sites. Survival of the patients diagnosed in the 1960s was better than that of the patients diagnosed earlier (p = 0.02), but the relative percentage of prognostically unfavorable poorly differentiated (Gr III) cancers became smaller with time (p = 0.009). Axillary nodal status was the most important independent prognostic factor for the 342 patients with an operable, unilateral, and invasive breast cancer in Cox's multivariate analysis (p less than 0.001), followed by histologic grade, type of tumor margin, the primary tumor size (p less than 0.001), and the extent of tumor necrosis (p = 0.003). Histologic type, mitotic count, nuclear pleomorphism, extent of tubule formation, amount of elastin, and extent of intraductal tumor growth were also significant prognostic factors in a univariate analysis.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Long-term prognosis of scar and non-scar cancers of the breast.

The prognostic significance of histopathologic classification of ductal breast carcinoma as scar and non-scar types was studied among 311 patients with breast cancer, followed up for a minimum of 22 years after the diagnosis or until death. Ninety-six (31%) cancers were of scar type and they had a more favourable prognosis than the cancers of non-scar type (p = 0.0001). The scar cancers were more often well differentiated (p less than 0.0001), had more pronounced inflammatory cell reaction (p less than 0.0001), less nuclear pleomorphism (p less than 0.0001), less tumor necrosis (p less than 0.0001), and a lower mitotic rate (p less than 0.0001) than the non-scar cancers. It was less common for patients with scar cancer to have axillary lymph node metastases (p = 0.01) and their primary tumor was smaller (p = 0.006). In flow cytometric analysis the scar cancers were more often DNA diploid (p = 0.004) with S-phase fraction below the median (p = 0.0002). In a multivariate analysis the association of cancer with a scar did not appear as an independent prognostic factor, whereas histologic grade (p less than 0.001) and extent of tumor necrosis (p less than 0.001) did. We conclude that the classification of breast cancer as scar and non-scar types has less prognostic value than the conventional histopathologic grading.

Breast Neoplasms↗
PubMed1989

Pure and mixed mucinous carcinomas of the breast: a clinicopathologic analysis of 61 cases with long-term follow-up.

Sixty-one mucinous carcinomas (MCs) of the female breast were followed-up for at least 18 years or until death (mean follow-up time, 26 years; median follow-up time, 23 years). The 61 MCs were compared with 441 unselected cases of breast carcinomas of all histologic types (reference carcinomas or RCs), which were follow-up for at least 21 years. When the MCs were divided into pure (PMCs) and mixed (MMCs) mucinous carcinomas, the 20-year cumulative corrected survival rate for operable cases in the PMC group was 79% +/- 11% (SE) and 28% +/- 13% for the MMC group. The difference is statistically significant (P less than .001). The PMCs had a significantly better survival rate (P less than .001) when compared with the RCs (20-year corrected survival rate, 41% +/- 3%). The survival rates for the MMCs and RCs did not differ significantly from each other. By Cox's multivariate analysis, pure histologic type and a tumor size less than 5cm were independent favorable prognostic factors in the MC group, but nodal status was closely related to the histologic type. Judging from the relative survival curves, no significant excess mortality of cancer occurred toward the end of the follow-up period in the PMC group.

Adenocarcinoma, Mucinous↗
PubMed1989

The prognostic significance of nuclear DNA content in invasive breast cancer--a study with long-term follow-up.

The nuclear DNA content of 351 breast carcinomas was determined by flow cytometry from paraffin-embedded tissue to assess the prognostic significance of DNA ploidy, the DNA index (DI) and the S-phase fraction (SPF). The minimum follow-up of the patients was 22 years, and they were all from a defined urban population. DNA ploidy correlated with histological type and grade, mitotic count and nuclear pleomorphism (P less than 0.0001), and also with axillary nodal status (P = 0.0005), tumour necrosis (P = 0.001), primary tumour size (P = 0.03), menopausal status (P = 0.004) and the presence of distant metastases at the time of the diagnosis (P = 0.04). Survival corrected for intercurrent deaths of the patients with a diploid tumour was better than that of the patients with a non-diploid tumour (P = 0.0001, 48% vs 28% at 25 years). SPF had prognostic significance in both axillary node positive and negative patients, but ploidy and DI only in the node negative group, and their significance was greater in post-menopausal than in premenopausal patients. Axillary nodal status, primary tumour size, histological grade and the type of tumour margin circumscription were the most important independent prognostic factors in Cox's multivariate analysis, and SPF had independent prognostic value, whereas ploidy and DI did not. It is concluded that DNA ploidy, DI and SPF have long-term prognostic significance in breast cancer.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Pure and mixed mucinous breast carcinomas: DNA stemline and prognosis.

The DNA stemline of 45 mucinous breast carcinomas was determined by flow cytometry using paraffin embedded archival tissue sections. The material consisted of 26 pure mucinous and 19 mixed mucinous carcinomas. The patients were followed up for at least 15 years or until death. Nearly all pure mucinous carcinomas had a normal DNA stemline (25 of 26) with only one aneuploid tumour. Mixed mucinous carcinomas had a DNA content resembling that of common ductal carcinoma with 11 aneuploid tumours. Aneuploid tumours tended to be of higher grade and stage than diploid tumours. The survival of patients with pure mucinous carcinoma was better than that of patients with mixed mucinous carcinoma. Mucinous carcinoma should be classified as such only if it is a pure mucinous carcinoma.

Adenocarcinoma, Mucinous↗
PubMed1981

Primary squamous cell carcinoma of the breast.

Upon reexamination of about 4000 breast cancer biopsies, three pure primary squamous cell carcinomas (SCC) were found. The light and electron microscopic findings of these three cases are described. The carcinomas seemed to originate from the glandular tissue of the breast and followed an extremely aggressive clinical course. SCC must be regarded as a separate entity distinct from adenocarcinoma of the breast with squamous cell metaplasia.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed1981

Treatment results in mammary carcinoma stages I-IV.

A retrospective review of 590 patients with breast carcinoma of all clinical stages is presented. The patients were treated mainly with radical mastectomy and postoperative irradiation. The overall 5- and 10-year survival rates were 59% and 45%, in stage I 83% and 76%, in stage II 64% and 47%, in stage III 29% and 14% and in stage IV 5% and 0%, respectively. Treatment methods, prognostic factors and differentiation grade of infiltrating ductogenic carcinoma have been analysed and the effect of these factors on the treatment results in different clinical stages is presented.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

Pulmonary aeration after unilateral fetal ligation of pulmonary artery in neonatal rabbits.

When the pulmonary artery was ligated at the gestational age of 30 days, 9 out of the 17 rabbit fetuses had vital lungs and in 7 of these the lungs were aerated after breathing for 15 min to 1 h. Ligation before this gestational age caused necrotic lungs in all 13 rabbit fetuses. On the basis of this we can conclude that the bronchial circulation is not sufficient to ensure vitality of the fetal lung and the pulmonary circulation does not play a major role in the primary aeration of the lungs at birth.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A non-cystic mesenchymal hamartoma of the liver--an unusual case of an unusual entity. Case report and review of the literature.

We report here a case of non-cystic mesenchymal liver hamartoma in a young adult woman. The patient was preoperatively examined with ultrasound (US), computed tomography (CT) and angiography. US and CT revealed signs of a benign tumor in the left liver lobe. Angiographically the tumor had pathological blood vessels. Histologically it proved to be an unusual non-cystic form of benign mesenchymal hamartoma.

Adult↗