Biomedical subjects

S Usuda

Publications and source records attributed to S Usuda.

At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources

PubMed1998

Pharmacological profile of nicardipine hydrochloride in anesthetized dogs with acute heart failure. Part 1: Hemodynamic effects in normal dogs and dogs with acute heart failure.

Cardiovascular effects of nicardipine hydrochloride (NIC, CAS 54527-84-3, Perdipine), a calcium channel blocker, were investigated in anesthetized normal dogs and dogs with acute heart failure (AHF), and compared with those of nitroglycerin (NTG). In open-chest anesthetized dogs, NIC (0.1-10 micrograms/kg/min i.v.) dose-dependently increased cardiac output (CO) and coronary blood flow as well as decreased mean blood pressure (MBP). NIC had no effect on heart rate (HR) or maximum rate of rise of left ventricular pressure (max. dp/dt). In contrast (0.1-10 micrograms/kg/min i.v.) decreased MBP, but did not change the other cardiovascular parameters. NIC and NTG did not prolong PQ, QRS or QTc intervals. In addition, NIC was effective in the presence of dobutamine. In the anesthetized dog model of ischemic AHF induced by coronary ligation, and ischemia/angiotensin II-induced AHF, NIC (1 and 3 micrograms/kg/min i.v.) increased CO and stroke volume, and reduced total peripheral resistance without decreasing HR or cardiac contractility. Furthermore, in the ischemia/angiotension II-induced AHF model, NIC decreased left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP). In contrast, NTG (1-10 micrograms/kg/min i.v.) decreased LVEDP in both AHF models; but did not increase CO. These results suggest that NIC improves hemodynamics in dogs with AHF mainly by reducing afterload without adversely affecting the cardiac contractility or conduction system, while NTG exerts its effect on AHF by reducing preload. NIC injection would thus appear to be beneficial in the treatment of AHF.

Acute Disease↗

PubMed1998

Pharmacological profile of nicardipine hydrochloride in anesthetized dogs with acute heart failure. Part 2: Effect on myocardial metabolism.

The effect of nicardipine hydrochloride (NIC, CAS 54527-84-3, Perdipine) on myocardial metabolism was investigated in an experimental model of ischemic acute heart failure (AHF) induced by coronary ligation in anesthetized dogs. The left anterior descending and/or circumflex coronary ligation decreased coronary sinus blood flow (CBF), maximum rate of rise of left ventricular pressure (max. dp/dt), cardiac output (CO) and stroke volume (SV), and increased left ventricular end-diastolic pressure, indicating the development of AHF. In this ischemic AHF model, NIC (3 micrograms/kg/min i.v. infusion for 15 min) increased CBF, CO and SV, and reduced systemic and coronary artery resistances, resulting in the improvement of AHF. During the effective period, NIC decreased myocardial oxygen consumption and the coronary arterio-venous difference of oxygen content, carbon dioxide pressure and pH. At the same time, NIC did not decrease the lactate extraction. These results suggest that NIC improves hemodynamics and the balance of myocardium oxygen supply and demand in dogs with AHF by means of reducing afterload and dilating coronary artery.

Acute Disease↗

PubMed1998

An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay with monoclonal antibodies for the determination of phosphorylated hepatitis B core protein (p21c) in serum.

An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed for the determination of hepatitis B virus (HBV) core protein (p21c) using monoclonal antibody (mAb) directed to a phosphorylated C-terminal amino acid sequence that is not present in hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg). HBV virions in the test serum were precipitated with horse polyclonal antibody to hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), dissolved with Tween 20 and NaOH, and then neutralized. HBV core protein (p21c), released from HBV cores by this procedure, was sandwiched between immobilized mAb C33 directed to amino acids (aa) 133-140 of the core protein, fixed on a solid support and labeled mAb T2212 that recognizes aa 165-175, only when they are phosphorylated. The method was applied for the detection of phosphorylated p21c in sera from symptom-free carriers and patients with chronic hepatitis. The results indicated a higher extent of phosphorylation in p21c of HBV cores from symptom-free carriers than hepatitis patients.

Animals↗

PubMed1997

A monoclonal antibody against a hepatitis B e antigen epitope borne by six amino acids encoded by the precore region.

Hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) polypeptide in the circulation (p17e) is composed of ten amino acids (aa) coded for by the precore region and 149 aa by the core gene of hepatitis B virus. A monoclonal antibody (Y0583A) was raised against the N-terminal ten amino acids (SKLCLGWLWG) encoded by the precore region. The binding of Y0583A with a panel of 203 decapeptides on multipins, which covered the precursor of HBeAg polypeptide made of 212 aa shifting by one aa, recognized an epitope sequenced LGWLWG representing the C-terminal six aa coded for by the precore region. This HBeAg epitope was not readily accessible on HBeAg in serum, but it became exposed and bound with Y0583A by treatment with 0.2 N NaOH. Using Y0583A, an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was developed for specific determination of HBeAg. The test sample was incubated with the monoclonal antibody to an HBeAg determinant encoded by the core gene (904) that had been immobilized on a solid support. Captured HBeAg was treated with 0.2 N NaOH, neutralized and released into the fluid phase. The reactant was then tested for a sandwich between monoclonal antibody (C33) to the C-terminus of the HBeAg polypeptide immobilized on a solid support and Y0583A labeled with horseradish peroxidase.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed1996

Dopamine D3 and D4 receptor antagonists: synthesis and structure--activity relationships of (S)-(+)-N-(1-Benzyl-3-pyrrolidinyl)-5-chloro-4- [(cyclopropylcarbonyl) amino]-2-methoxybenzamide (YM-43611) and related compounds.

In this study, we synthesized a series of (S)-N-(3-pyrrolidinyl)benzamide derivatives, 1, 2a-d, 5a-1, and 7, and their enantiomers, (R)-1 and (R)-5c-e, and evaluated their binding affinity for cloned dopamine D2, D3, and D4 receptors and their inhibitory activity against apomorphine-induced climbing behavior in mice. The results indicate that D2, D3, and D4 receptors have different bulk tolerance (D4 > D3 > D2) for the substituent of the 4-amino group (R1) on the benzamide nuclei and that cyclopropyl-, cyclobutyl-, and cyclopentylcarbonyl groups likely possess adequate bulkiness with respect to D3 and D4 affinity and selectivity over D2 receptors in this series. The results also suggested that the N-substituent (R2) on the pyrrolidin-3-yl group performs an important role in expressing affinity for D2, D3, and D4 receptors and selectivity among the respective subtypes. One of the compounds, (S)-(+)-N-(1-benzyl-3-pyrrolidinyl)-5-chloro-4-[(cyclopropylcarbonyl+ ++) amino]-2-methoxybenzamide (5c) (YM-43611), showed high affinity for D3 and D4 receptors (Ki values of 21 and 2.1 nM, respectively) with 110-fold D4 selectivity and 10-fold D3 preference over D2 receptors and weak or negligible affinity for representative neurotransmitter receptors. Compound 5c displayed potent antipsychotic activity in inhibiting apomorphine-induced climbing behavior in mice (ED50 value, 0.32 mg/kg sc).

Animals↗

PubMed1996

In vitro pharmacological profile of YM-43611, a novel D2-like receptor antagonist with high affinity and selectivity for dopamine D3 and D4 receptors.

1. We investigated some neurochemical properties of a novel benzamide, YM-43611, [(S)-N-(1-benzyl-3-pyrrolidinyl)-5-chloro-4-cyclopropylcarbonylamino+ ++-2- methoxybenzamide] in comparison with putative D2-like receptor antagonists using both rat and human cloned dopamine D2-like receptors in vitro. 2. Receptor binding studies revealed that YM-43611 had appropriately potent affinities for both rat and human D2-like receptors, with moderate selectivity for D3 receptors and high selectivity for D4 receptors over D2 receptors (Ki values (nM) for rat receptors: D2, 165; D3, 35.5; D4, 1.85, and for human receptors: D2, 42.9; D3, 11.2; D4, 2.10). 3. YM-43611 displayed weak or negligible affinity for other neurotransmitter receptors, namely D1, D5, alpha(1), alpha(2), beta, 5-HT1A, 5-HT2A, 5-HT3, H1, M1 and M2 receptors. 4. Dopamine stimulated low-Km GTPase activity on membranes from Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells expressing the human D2-like receptor subtype. This response to dopamine of low-Km GTPase activity was inhibited by use of putative D2-like receptor antagonists. YM-43611 showed a moderate selectivity for D3 receptors (Ki = 45.5 nM) and a high selectivity for D4 receptors (Ki = 3.28 nM) over D2 receptors (Ki = 70.6 nM). 5. Dopamine inhibited forskolin-stimulated adenylate cyclase in intact CHO cells expressing the human D2-like receptor subtype. YM-43611 shifted the inhibition curve of dopamine on respective D2-like receptor subtype-mediated cyclic AMP formation to the right in a parallel fashion, showing a pA2 value of 7.42 (38.1 nM) for D2 receptors, a pKB value of 8.06 (8.68 nM) for D3 receptors, and a pA2 value of 8.42 (3.77 nM) for D4 receptors. 6. YM-43611 but not the other D2-like receptor antagonists exhibited good selectivity with respect to dual antagonism for D3 and D4 receptors in both receptor binding and functional assays. 7. These results indicate that YM-43611 is a novel D2-like receptor antagonist with high potency and selectivity for both D3 and D4 receptors. YM-43611 is therefore expected to be valuable in exploration of the physiological role of D3 and D4 receptors.

Animals↗

PubMed1996

YM90K: pharmacological characterization as a selective and potent alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionate/kainate receptor antagonist.

We investigated the pharmacological properties and neuroprotective actions of a novel alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-y-propionate (AMPA)/kainate receptor antagonist, [6-(1H-imidazol-1-yl)-7-nitro-2,3-(1H,4H)-quinoxalinedione hydrochloride (YM90K); formerly YM900], in comparison with those of 2,3-dihydroxy-6-nitro-7-sulfamoyl-benzo(f)quinoxaline (NBQX). YM90K selectively displaced [3H]-AMPA binding (Ki = 0.084 microM) and was less potent in inhibiting [3H]-kainate (Ki = 2.2 microM), [3H]-L-glutamate (N-methyl-D-aspartate-sensitive site; Ki > 100 microM) and [3H]-glycine (strychnine-insensitive site; Ki = 37 microM) binding to rat brain membranes. YM90K co-injected with AMPA or kainate into the rat striatum protected cholinergic neurons against AMPA- or kainate-induced neurotoxicity. YM90K showed potent suppressive activity against audiogenic seizure in DBA/2 mice; ED50 values of YM90K and NBQX against tonic seizure were 2.54 and 7.17 mg/kg (i.p.), respectively. The duration of the anticonvulsant effects of YM90K and NBQX was 30 min, indicating that both compounds possess short action. In a global ischemia model, YM90K (15 mg/kg i.p. x 3), NBQX (30 mg/kg i.p. x 3) and CNQX (60 mg/kg i.p. x 3) significantly prevented the delayed neuronal death in the hippocampal CA1 region in Mongolian gerbils when administered 1 h after 5-min ischemia. In addition, the therapeutic time window for the neuroprotective effect of YM90K (30 mg/kg i.p. x 3) was 6 h. In a focal ischemia model, YM90K (30 mg/kg i.v. bolus+10 mg/kg/h for 4 h) reduced the volume of ischemic damage in the cerebral cortex in F344 rats. Thus, YM90K was shown to be a potent and selective antagonist for AMPA/kainate receptors in vitro and in vivo. This compound may provide a therapeutic effect in various neurodegenerative disorders such as ischemic stroke in which glutamate neurotoxicity is thought to play a critical role in neuronal damage.

Animals↗

PubMed1996

[Caregiver burden and subjective health level in primary caregivers of stroke patients].

The purpose of this study was to provide information on the burden and subjective health level experienced by caregivers of stroke patients. We assessed 32 patient/caregiver units attending a day care center, and investigated the characteristics and burden of caregivers. Subjective health level of caregivers was assessed using the Todai Health Index (THI). The functional level of patients was measured according to the Functional Independence Measure (FIM). Of the caregivers, 40.6% expressed a perception of being burdened. The burden of caregivers was associated with economic status, concern for future ability to provide care, and functional levels (ability of toileting, transfer, locomotion) of patients. Mean scale scores of THI did not differ significantly from scores for community women, and was not related to the perception of burden of caregivers. The situation of care for the subjects in this study can be considered to be relatively good. However, for the general caregiver of stroke patients, perception of burden and subjective health level may be affected to a greater extent than seen in this study.

Aged↗

PubMed1994

Characterization of a novel muscarinic receptor agonist, YM796: comparison with cholinesterase inhibitors in in vivo pharmacological studies.

Previous reports have shown that (+/-)-YM796 (2,8-dimethyl-3-methylene-1-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane) exhibits M1 agonistic activity and ameliorates cognitive impairment, and that the (-)-S isomer is active in in vitro studies. We report here the characterization of the (-)-S isomer, YM796 ((-)-(S)-2,8-dimethyl-3-methylene-1-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane L-tartrate monohydrate), and its (+)-R isomer in in vivo pharmacological studies in comparison with the cholinesterase inhibitors tacrine, amiridine and E-2020. YM796 (0.031-0.5 mg/kg p.o.), like the racemate, reversed the cognitive impairment in passive avoidance tasks of rats with nucleus basalis magnocellularis lesions, whereas (+)-R-YM796 was ineffective in this experimental amnesia. YM796 exhibited only weak effects on mouse salivation and hypothermia, a peripheral cholinergic response and a central cholinergic response, respectively. The (+)-R isomer, however, failed to induce these cholinergic responses. YM796 also ameliorated the memory deficits induced by scopolamine in rats and electroconvulsive shock in mice. The potency of YM796 in these experimental amnesia models was over a 100 times greater than that of tacrine, over 10 times greater than that of E-2020, and 6 times greater than that of amiridine. In salivary secretion and hypothermia, YM796 was 2-4 times weaker than tacrine and E-2020, and 1-2 times stronger than amiridine. Thus, YM796's ratio of anti-amnesic effects to salivary secretion and hypothermia was much greater than that of the cholinesterase inhibitors tested.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗

PubMed1994

A redox factor protein, ref1, is involved in negative gene regulation by extracellular calcium.

A rise in extracellular calcium (Ca2+e) suppresses not only secretion of parathyroid hormone (PTH) but also expression of the PTH gene to ensure constant plasma Ca2+ level. A nuclear protein(s) in a wide variety of cells bound to the specific DNA elements (negative Ca2+ responsive elements, nCaREs) in the human PTH gene in sequence-specific and Ca2+e concentration-dependent manners. Our Southwestern cloning revealed that a redox factor protein (ref1), which was known to activate several transcription factors via alterations of their redox state, belonged to an nCaRE binding protein. The level of ref1 mRNA as well as of its protein was elevated by an increase in Ca2+e concentration. In gel shift assay, anti-ref1 antibody eliminated formation of the nCaRE-protein complex. We also found that there was another protein(s) interacting with nCaREs and ref1. Further, experiments with an antisense-ref cDNA expression vector introduced into cultured cells suggested that DNA (nCaRE)-ref1 interaction led to Ca2+e-mediated transcriptional suppression. Thus, it is concluded that ref1 possesses transcription repressor activity in addition to its function as a transcriptional auxiliary protein.

Animals↗

PubMed1994

Transmission of hepatitis C in an isolated area in Japan: community-acquired infection. The South Kiso Hepatitis Study Group.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: The spread of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection not due to drug needle sharing or transfusion is largely unknown in communities. A search for risk factors for HCV infection in an endemic area might elucidate inapparent modes of transmission. METHODS: We conducted screening for hepatitis virus markers and parenteral exposures to blood among 435 inhabitants in an isolated area known for its endemicity for non-A, non-B hepatitis and in a nonendemic area with 1542 inhabitants. RESULTS: The prevalence of hepatitis B surface antigen was the same in both areas. The prevalence of antibody to HCV verified by the recombinant immunoblot assay was 32.4% in the highly endemic area and 2.3% in the nonendemic area (P < 0.001). Risk factors for HCV infection in the highly endemic area were complex but included folk remedies such as acupuncture and "vacuuming" for congested blood in muscle by the use of a warm glass bottle. CONCLUSIONS: Folk remedies such as acupuncture and cutting of the skin using nonsterilized knives should be considered as possible routes of HCV transmission not associated with blood transfusion or sharing of drug paraphernalia.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1993

Synthesis and structure-activity studies of a series of spirooxazolidine-2,4-diones: 4-oxa analogues of the muscarinic agonist 2-ethyl-8-methyl-2,8-diazaspiro[4.5]decane-1,3-dione.

A series of spirooxazolidine-2,4-dione derivatives related to the putative M1 agonist 2-ethyl-8-methyl-2,8-diazaspiro[4.5]decane-1,3-dione (RS86; 1) were synthesized. The compounds were evaluated as cholinergic agents in in vitro binding assays and in in vivo pharmacological tests including antiamnesic effects using scopolamine-treated mice, hypothermia, and salivation in mice. Four compounds (5a,c,f and 17a) exhibited affinity for cortical M1 receptors and reversed scopolamine-induced impairment of mouse passive avoidance tasks, as did 1. Among these compounds, only 5a exhibited M1-receptor stimulating activity in pithed rats. Structural requirements for muscarinic activity in this series of spirooxazolidine-2,4-dione derivatives were as strict as those reported for spirosuccinimide derivatives including 1. The antiamnesic dose of 3-ethyl-8-methyl-1-oxa-3,8-diazaspiro[4.5]decane-2,4-dione (5a) was 2 orders of magnitude lower than the doses inducing hypothermia and salivation, in contrast to 1 for which the former dose was only 5-10-fold lower than the latter. These results suggest that the 8-azaspiro[4.5]decane skeleton represents a useful template for designing new muscarinic agonists as antidementia drugs.

Amnesia↗

PubMed1992

Immunoglobulin V gene replacement is caused by the intramolecular DNA deletion mechanism.

Circular DNA resulting from V gene replacement was studied with an A-MuLV transformed cell line containing ablts. This cell line undergoes V gene replacement at elevated temperatures in the immunoglobulin (Ig) heavy chain (H) gene. Examination of circular DNA revealed that a heptamer-related sequence (TACTGTG) within the coding region of VDJ was joined to the recombination signal sequence (RSS) of a germline VH segment. This provides direct evidence for a intramolecular DNA deletion mechanism for V gene replacement. In the pre-B cell line as well as in in vivo lymphocytes, unusual circular DNAs were found which were structurally similar to the V gene replacement circles. They represented excision products of the deletion type recombination between one complete RSS and a heptamer-like sequence in the Ig H region.

Animals↗

PubMed1992

Caroli's disease in three siblings.

Three sisters with cystic dilatation of the intrahepatic bile ducts (Caroli's disease) are reported. The index case, a 41-year-old woman with remittent high fever and right upper quadrant abdominal pain, was diagnosed as Caroli's disease with hepatic lithiasis and cholangitis based on findings of ultrasonography, computed tomography and endoscopic retrograde cholangiography. Her two older sisters were also examined and found to have the same disease without clinical symptoms. Their symptoms, locations of the dilated ducts and complications all varied. The hereditary mode of Caroli's disease in 13 families (32 cases) reported in the world literature including our study was examined. While Caroli's disease is thought to be an autosomal recessive disease, a conclusion on the hereditary mode of transmission could not be made in this study because of an insufficient investigation of family members, especially the parents.

Adult↗

PubMed1992

Pharmacological characterization of a novel muscarinic partial agonist, YM796, in transfected cells expressing the m1 or m2 muscarinic receptor gene.

To investigate the pharmacological effect of a novel compound YM796, we performed radioligand binding experiments and correlative biochemical experiments using the transfected murine fibroblast B82 cells which expressed the m1 and m2 muscarinic receptor genes (cloned cell lines designated as LK3-3 and M2LKB2-2, respectively). [3H](-)methyl-3-quinuclidinyl benzilate [( 3H](-)MQNB) binding in these transfected cell lines was inhibited by different optical isomers of YM796 and other muscarinic drugs, atropine, pirenzepine, AF-DX 116, as well as selected agonists. (-)YM796, (+)YM796 and (+/-)YM796 inhibited [3H](-)MQNB binding in LK3-3 cells with Ki values of 16.4 microM, 30.1 microM and 21.8 microM and in M2LKB2-2 cells with Ki values of 52.0 microM, 108 microM and 77.1 microM, respectively. From functional assays we found the two isomers, (-)YM796 and (+)YM796 had different intrinsic activities for the M1 and M2 muscarinic receptors. (-)YM796 revealed agonistic activity: stimulation of [3H]IP1 accumulation in LK3-3 cells with an EC50 value of 26.5 microM, which was less efficacious (the Emax value was 5.6 times basal) than carbachol, a full agonist (the Emax value was 17.2 times basal). Interestingly, (-)YM796 did not show significant inhibition of cAMP formation in M2LKB2-2 cells except at extremely high concentrations (greater than 1mM). (+)YM796 exhibited no significant efficacy for the M1 and M2 muscarinic receptors. These results suggest that (-)YM796 represents a muscarinic partial agonist with functional selectivity for the M1 muscarinic receptors whereas (+)YM796 shows no efficacy for either M1 or M2 muscarinic receptors in these transfected cells.

Animals↗

PubMed1992

New hepatocellular carcinoma cell line SUHC-1 established from a patient with hepatitis C virus RNA in serum.

A new human hepatocellular carcinoma cell (HCC) line, designated SUHC-1, was derived from a Japanese patient with hepatocellular carcinoma having antibody to hepatitis C virus (HCV) and HCV-RNA in his serum, and established in tissue culture. This cell line exhibited typical epithelial cell morphology in culture as observed by phase-contrast and electron microscopy. The SUHC-1 cells produced albumin and alpha 2-macroglobulin. Chromosomal analysis showed several rearrangements at short and long arms of chromosome 1, 17 and 20 (1p-, 1q-, i(1q), i(17q) and 20q+) with a modal number of 91. HCV-RNA was not detected in the supernatant of SUHC-1 cells by nested polymerase chain reaction assay or in the SUHC-1 cells by the in situ hybridization method. We concluded that complete HCV does not exist in the SUHC-1 cell line. The SUHC-1 cell line is the first line of HCC to have been derived from a patient with persistent HCV infection, and may provide a suitable model for studies of hepatocarcinogenesis related to HCV.

Aged↗

PubMed1992

Epithelioid hemangioendothelioma of the liver diagnosed by liver biopsy under laparoscopy.

We report a case of primary epithelioid hemangioendothelioma arising in the liver. There were no specific findings or signs except for the deformity and multiple lesions of the liver at imaging procedures, which included magnetic resonance imaging. The key to the diagnosis was histological examination of liver biopsy specimens obtained under laparoscopy. Plasma factor VIII activity was elevated, which was also helpful in the diagnosis.

Biopsy↗

PubMed1991

Hyoscyamine 6 beta-hydroxylase, an enzyme involved in tropane alkaloid biosynthesis, is localized at the pericycle of the root.

Hyoscyamine 6 beta-hydroxylase (H6H; EC 1.14.11.11) catalyzes the first reaction in the biosynthetic pathway from hyoscyamine to scopolamine in several solanaceous plants. Four monoclonal antibodies were raised against H6H purified from cultured roots of Hyoscyamus niger. The IgG1 antibody mAb5 inhibited H6H activities present in cell-free extracts of H. niger roots and specifically recognized 38-40-kDa proteins from six different scopolamine-producing plant species in Western blot analysis after sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The other three monoclonal antibodies all recognized SDS-denatured H6H protein from Hyoscyamus species, but did not bind to native H6H. Western blot analysis of protein extracts from various tissues of H. niger using these antibodies showed that H6H is abundant in cultured roots, present in plant roots, but absent in leaf, stem, calyx, cultured cells, and cultured shoots. Immunohistochemical studies using monoclonal antibody and immunogold-silver enhancement detected H6H only in the pericycle cells of the young root in several scopolamine-producing plants. Mature roots that underwent secondary growth and lacked the pericycle did not react with the antibody. This pericycle-specific localization of scopolamine biosynthesis provides an anatomical explanation for the tissue-specific biosynthesis of tropane alkaloids and may be important for translocation of tropane alkaloids from the root to the aerial parts.

Antibodies, Monoclonal↗