Hydroxyurea derivatives as hypoglycemic agents.
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Animals↗
Biomedical subjects
S W Goldstein
Publications and source records attributed to S W Goldstein.
Novel thiazolidine-2,4-diones as potent euglycemic agents.
A new series of thiazolidine-2,4-diones was obtained by replacing the ether function of englitazone with various functional groups, i.e., a ketone, alcohol, or olefin moiety. These compounds lower blood glucose levels in the genetically obese and insulin-resistant ob/ob mouse. Appending an oxazole-based group at the terminus of the chain provided highly potent compounds.
Alcohols↗
Substituted dihydrobenzopyran and dihydrobenzofuran thiazolidine-2,4-diones as hypoglycemic agents.
A series of dihydrobenzofuran and dihydrobenzopyran thiazolidine-2,4-diones (compounds 3-26) was synthesized from the corresponding aryl aldehydes 1 in two steps. These compounds represent conformationally restricted analogues of the novel hypoglycemic ciglitazone. The series was evaluated by hypoglycemic effects in vitro by measuring stimulation of 2-deoxyglucose uptake in L6 myocytes and stimulation of expression of the glucose transporter protein in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. In vivo hypoglycemic effects were evaluated in the genetically obese ob/ob mouse, and structure-activity relationships are discussed. On the basis of this in vivo potency, we have selected the 2(R)-benzylbenzopyran derivative to be further studied in a clinical setting.
Adipose Tissue↗
Spiro hydantoin aldose reductase inhibitors derived from 8-aza-4-chromanones.
A series of spiro hydantoins derived from 8-azachromanones (2,3-dihydro-4H-pyrano[2,3-b]pyridin-4-ones) has been prepared and tested for aldose reductase inhibitory activity. The standard Bucherer-Bergs conditions had to be drastically modified to increase yields from less than 1% to an acceptable 50% range. One of the most potent compounds was cis-6'-chloro-2',3'-dihydro-2'-methylspiro[imidazolidine-4,4'-4'H- pyrano[2,3-b]pyridine]-2,5-dione; resolution of this compound showed that the 2'R,4'S enantiomer 16 was the most active spiro hydantoin in this series with an IC50 of 7.5 x 10(-9) against human placenta aldose reductase.
Aldehyde Reductase↗
Chemical and biochemical issues related to X-ray crystallography of the ligand-binding domain of estrogen receptor alpha.
Careful attention to technical issues preceded successful crystallography of the ligand-binding domain of estrogen receptor alpha (ERalpha) complexed with CP-336156, a nonsteroidal estrogen agonist/antagonist. An affinity column based on immobilized estradiol was prepared according to the scheme of Greene et al. (Greene, G. L., Nolan, C., Engler, J. P., and Jensen, E. V. (1980) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 77, 5115-5119). It was shown by X-ray crystallography that the major and less polar isomer of the affinity column precursor was 17alpha-((S)-2',3'-epoxyprop-1'-yl)estra-1,3,5(10)-triene-3,17beta-diol. This diastereomer was coupled to Thiopropyl Sepharose, with coupling monitored by observing loss of the phenolic absorption band of estradiol from the reaction supernatant, and gave an affinity matrix containing about 9 micromol of estradiol per milliliter of wet gel. Recombinant ERalpha ligand binding domain was selectively removed from E. coli cell lysate by binding to the column and was partly S-carboxymethylated by treatment with iodoacetic acid while bound to the column as described by previous workers. After being eluted from the column as a complex with drug, the receptor fragment was shown by mass spectrometry to be a mixture of differently modified forms. It was further S-carboxymethylated in solution, after which anion-exchange chromatography was used to isolate protein in which two of the four cysteine residues were S-carboxymethylated. This material, which afforded diffraction-quality crystals, was subjected to digestion with trypsin and peptide mapping analysis by HPLC coupled with mass spectrometry. For this experiment, the two previously unmodified cysteines were alkylated with 4-vinylpyridine to allow definitive identification. It was shown that Cys-417 and Cys-530 were S-carboxymethylated in the crystallized protein, while Cys-381 and Cys-447 remained unmodified. Close attention to such technical issues may be important in structural studies of other nuclear receptors, a very important class of potential drug targets.
Amino Acid Sequence↗