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Biomedical subjects

S Wall

Publications and source records attributed to S Wall.

At least 163 records · Page 9Linked to original sources
PubMed1986

Epidemiology of diabetes mellitus in Sweden. Results of the first year of a prospective study in the population age group 15-34 years.

All newly diagnosed cases of diabetes mellitus aged 15-34 years in Sweden, where the population in this age interval is about 2.3 million, were registered on standardized forms. During 1983, the first year of the study, there were 311 males and 161 females, excluding 280 with gestational diabetes. The annual incidence of diabetes was 26.2 per 100,000 in males and 14.2 in females. The respective figures for type I were 18.5 and 10.1, and for type II 5.7 and 2.9. The incidence of type I diabetes was similar for the four age groups (15-19, 20-24, 25-29, 30-34 years), while for type II it was highest in the oldest group. Types I and II, but not the sexes, differed as regards the cumulative distribution curves of the maximum blood glucose concentration during the first two weeks after diagnosis. The present incidence of diabetes in Sweden is higher, particularly in males than the rates for similar age groups in Oslo (1925-64) and Denmark (1970-77).

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

Sequence of the OXA2 beta-lactamase: comparison with other penicillin-reactive enzymes.

The nucleotide sequence of the unusual plasmid-mediated OXA2 beta-lactamase is presented, and compared with other beta-lactamases. The OXA2 enzyme has similar features at the presumed active site, but no other significant regions of homology with other penicillin-reactive enzymes. The active site homology may therefore represent convergent evolution of otherwise dissimilar genes.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed1985

The epidemiology of diabetes in Swedish children 0-14 years--a six-year prospective study.

Since 1 July 1977, all newly diagnosed diabetic children in Sweden aged 0-14 years have been reported to a central register. During the first 6 years, 2300 newly diagnosed diabetic children out of a population of 1.6 million children were registered. The degree of certainty was close to 100%. The mean of the yearly incidence rate for the whole 6 year period was 23.6 per 100000. The prevalence of insulin dependent diabetes mellitus on 1 July 1980 was 1.48 per 1000 and 1.52 on 1 July 1983. Comparing the first and second 3-year periods, an increase was found (22.7-25.1 per 100000). This increase was consistent when analyzing incidence rates by age, sex, and geographical distribution. Cumulative incidence rates revealed a risk of developing diabetes by the age of 15 years of 3.6 per thousand for boys and 3.2 per thousand for girls. The higher incidence for boys was consistent throughout the study period. Seasonal variations in the incidence rate were also consistent, showing yearly incidence peaks in the autumn and winter months. Incidence peaks were noted for both sexes in the pubertal ages. Age- and sex-standardized morbidity ratios varied significantly within the country. 12.8% of the probands had a first degree relative with Type 1 diabetes, and it was twice as common that this relative was a father as a mother. The high and rapidly increasing incidence of Type 1 diabetes in a genetically stable population such as Sweden calls for case-control studies directed towards the identification of environmental pathogens.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

The Swedish mortality pattern: a basis for health planning?

In response to new Swedish health legislation, which gives local county councils formal 'epidemiological' responsibility for the health of the whole population, the regional mortality pattern is presented here for the period 1969-78. The findings show that total mortality has decreased somewhat during the ten-year period, while at the same time the difference in life expectancy between men and women has increased to six years. The concept 'lost years before 65' is used as a measure of premature death. Suicide is the cause of death that has resulted in the greatest number of lost years among men as well as women. During the 1970's positive changes have come about for leukaemias, cervical cancers and motor vehicle accidents, changes that can be interpreted as being due to better treatment, increased screening and efficient prevention. On the other hand, failures are obvious when considering, for example, a twofold increase in premature alcohol-related mortality over the decade. The report also discusses the quality of mortality statistics as a basis for health planning.

Accidents, Traffic↗
PubMed1985

Guidelines for regional mortality analysis: an epidemiological approach to health planning.

In view of the epidemiological responsibility that the new Swedish health legislation gives to the local county councils, it has been increasingly necessary to identify and monitor the health status of the local population, eg the commune. As part of a large-scale collaborative project this paper focuses on problems of analysing regional mortality data and presents an attempt to deal with them by means of a systematic procedure.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1984

Health problems and care in young families--an evaluation of survey procedures.

This report compares the value of a diary, and telephone interviews covering either the previous 24 hours or the previous week as methods of collecting data from young families on perceived health problems and the measures taken to deal with them. The population of 310 families was randomly divided into three groups. The study design allowed the evaluation of both qualitative and quantitative aspects of the different methods. For each individual a health problem was perceived every four days and care for health problems was reported every six days. The frequency of participation was highest in the 24-hour recall group. In the diary group a weekly telephone call elicited a higher compliance than a weekly letter of reminder. In spite of a higher reporting of symptoms in the diaries the relative number of measures taken was greater in the two recall groups. When comparing the information obtained by one-week recalls with that of 24-hour recalls it was found that the risk of forgetting a perceived symptom or measure taken was low but the risk of overreporting symptom days may increase with time. The distribution of symptoms in eight main categories was equal as reported by the different methods. The cost for the investigator per individual day covered was more expensive when using the 24-hour recall method compared to the diary method.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1983

Value of computed tomography in detecting occult gastrointestinal perforation.

Five patients with clinically unsuspected gastrointestinal perforation were evaluated preoperatively with computed tomography (CT). In each case the CT demonstration of pneumoperitoneum established the diagnosis of a ruptured viscus and prompted early surgical intervention. The site of perforation was apparent on CT in four of the five patients. Plain radiographs including upright chest films (two patients) and supine radiographs of the abdomen (one patient) were interpreted as negative for free air prior to CT. The CT features of pneumoperitoneum and its clinical implications are reviewed.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Epidemiology of motor neuron disease in northern Sweden.

All cases of motor neuron disease (MND), encompassing amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), progressive bulbar paralysis (PBP) and progressive spinal muscular atrophy (PSMA), in northern Sweden, diagnosed between 1969-1980 have been analysed. 128 cases were found, corresponding to an average annual incidence rate of 1.67 per 100,000. The prevalence on December 31, 1980 was 4.8 per 100,000. Age-specific incidence rates were higher in the high age groups with a maximum at 60-64 years for males, at 70-74 years for females and at 65-69 years for the sexes combined. The median age at onset was 61 years. Clustering was not found in mining districts and overrepresentation of miners and stone treaters was not observed. Minor differences in incidence rates, as measured by the standardized morbidity ratio, SMR, were found between the inland, coastal and mountain areas. The median survival time after onset of disease was 32 months for ALS, 30 months for PBP and 70 months for PSMA. The combined survival rate for all MND cases was 28% after 5 years and 15% after 10 years. The male to female ratio was 1.1:1, and 4.7% were familial cases.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Computed tomography of choledocholithiasis.

Computed tomography (CT) correctly diagnosed common bile duct stones in 19 (90%) of 21 surgically proven cases. CT demonstrated calculi in all 13 patients with calcium bilirubinate common duct stones and six of eight patients with predominantly cholesterol stones. There were two false-negative diagnoses in patients with cholesterol calculi scanned at 1 cm intervals. Cholesterol stones are nearly isodense with bile and may be difficult to visualize in the common duct by routine scanning techniques. There are three suggestive CT features of cholesterol common duct calculi: (1) abrupt termination of the distal common bile duct without an obstructing mass, (2) a faint rim of increased density along the peripheral margin of a low-density calculus, and (3) mottled areas of increased density centrally within a calculus elevating its CT number above values for normal bile. Modification of scanning technique to obtain high-resolution images of the extrahepatic biliary tree is stressed to optimize visualization of the above findings.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

The incidence of diabetes mellitus in Swedish children 0-14 years of age. A prospective study 1977-1980.

This is a prospective study of the incidence of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) in children 0-14 years of age, including all newly diagnosed cases in the whole of Sweden from July 1, 1977 until June 30, 1980. All 45 Swedish departments of paediatrics participated. During the three-year-period studied, 1108 Swedish children, 0-14 years of age had their onset of diabetes. That means around 369 new diabetics yearly in the age groups studied. The mean yearly incidences in the years 1977-80 were 22.6, 22.8 and 22.6 per 100000 children, respectively. Mean prevalence on June 30, 1980 and 1.48 per 1000 children 0-14 years with a wide range of 0.71-2.65. The age distribution at onset showed a gradual increase and peak incidences at 11 years of age for the girls and 4 and 13 years of age for the boys. There was a consistently higher incidence for boys in the younger age groups during the three-year-period studied. Peak incidences of new cases were reached in January, March and July through October for the age groups 5-9 and 10-14 years of age. No such seasonal variation was seen for children 0-4 years of age. The cumulative incidence of IDDM at 14 years of age was 3.2 per 1000 for the boys and 2.9 per 1000 for the girls. The degree of ascertainment in this study was 93.4%.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1982

Incidence of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus among children in a North-Swedish population 1938-1977.

Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) was studied retrospectively in children 0-14 years of age registered at a northern Swedish department of Paediatrics. In the years 1938-77, the new cases of IDDM registered were 307. The mean yearly incidences were 14.2 cases per 100,000 during 1938-42 and 37.9 cases per 100,000 during 1973-77. The lowest incidence rate of 10.2 per 100,000 was seen during the wartime, 1940-45. To investigate the changing age distribution, directly standardized rate ratios (SRR) were calculated for 4 ten-year periods. Significantly lower incidence (SRR = 73) was observed during the first period 1938-47 and significantly higher (SRR = 137) for the last period 1968-77 as compared to the whole period (SRR = 100). The increasing incidence during the last decade was especially marked for children below 5 years of age. The geographic variation between 11 community areas was measured by the indirectly standardized morbidity ratios (SMR) showing a range between 40 and 179. Peak incidences of new cases were seen during winter and summertime. The current (31 December 1977) prevalence of IDDM among children 0-14 years of age in Västerbotten was 3.0 per 1,000. Our study suggests that the incidence of insulin-dependent diabetes among children has been increasing since 1938.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1981

On the interaction between occupational arsenic exposure and smoking and its relationship to lung cancer.

The interaction between occupational arsenic exposure and tobacco smoking and its relationship to lung cancer mortality among 228 deceased Swedish copper smelter workers was studied with the case-referent technique. Arsenic exposure was assessed via detailed company records, and information on smoking habits was gathered from the next of kin. The age standardized rate ratio for death from lung cancer was 3.0 for arsenic-exposed nonsmokers and 4.9 for smokers without occupational arsenic exposure in relation to nonarsenic-exposed nonsmokers. For arsenic-exposed smokers the rate ratio was 14.6, indicating a multiplicative effect of the two exposures. Eighty-five percent of all deaths from long cancer among the smelter workers could be "explained" by arsenic exposure and/or smoking. The interaction between arsenic and smoking suggests that a strong preventive effect on lung cancer incidence could be obtained by decreasing either one of the exposures or by disaggregating them.

Adult↗