Biomedical subjects

SH Chen

Publications and source records attributed to SH Chen.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

PubMed2000

Experimental observation of the alpha relaxation in supercooled water

Intermediate scattering functions for density fluctuation in D2O contained in pores of a Vycor glass have been measured using an improved neutron spin-echo spectrometer at two supercooled temperatures. The measurements cover the time range from 1 to 2300 ps with the Q range spanning the first diffraction peak of water. The time correlation functions can be fitted to a stretched exponential relaxation function with a Q-dependent amplitude. Both the stretch exponent and the relaxation time peak approximately at the Q value corresponding to the first diffraction peak, confirming the validity of the mode coupling idea in supercooled water.

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PubMed2000

Movement of a Fluid Sphere in the Vicinity of a Flat Plane with Constant Temperature Gradient.

An analytical study is presented on the thermocapillary migration of a fluid sphere within a constant applied temperature gradient in an arbitrary direction with respect to a plane surface. The Peclet and Reynolds numbers are assumed to be small so that the Laplace and Stokes equations, respectively, govern the temperature distributions and fluid velocities inside and outside the droplet. The asymptotic formulas for the temperature and the velocity fields in the quasi-steady situation are obtained by using a method of reflections. The plane surface can be a no-slip solid wall and/or a perfect-slip free surface. The boundary effect on the thermocapillary migration is found to be weaker than that on the motion driven by a body force. Even so, the interaction between the plane and the droplet can be very significant when the gap thickness approaches zero. For the motion of a droplet normal to a solid wall, the effect of the plane surface reduces the translational velocity of the droplet; however, this solid wall can be an enhancement factor on the particle migration as it is translating parallel to the wall. On the other hand, in case of a droplet migrating close to a free surface due to thermocapillarity, the droplet velocity can be either greater or smaller than that which would exist in the absence of the plane surface, depending on the relative thermal conductivity and the surface properties of the particle and its relative distance from the plane. Furthermore, the interacting thickness of the affected region by the presence of the plane is discussed by considering the droplet mobility. Generally speaking, a free surface exerts less influence on the particle movement than does a solid surface. Copyright 2000 Academic Press.

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PubMed2000

Saturated behavior of the gyrotron backward-wave oscillator

Physical processes in the gyrotron backward-wave oscillator (gyro-BWO) are investigated theoretically. Results indicate highly current-sensitive field profiles and hence sharply contrasting linear and saturated behaviors. The linear field extends over the entire structure length, whereas the saturated profile depends strongly on the energetics in the internal feedback loop. It is shown that this distinctive feature substantially influences the basic properties of the gyro-BWO including the start-oscillation current, efficiency, power scaling, and stability of tuning.

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PubMed2000

Thermophoretic Motion of a Sphere Parallel to an Insulated Plane.

An analytical study is presented for the thermophoresis of a sphere in a constant applied temperature gradient parallel to an adiabatic plane. The Knudsen number is assumed to be small so that the fluid flow can be described by a continuum model with a thermal creep and a hydrodynamic slip at the particle surface. A method of reflections is used to obtain the asymptotic formulas for the temperature and velocity fields in the quasisteady situation. The thermal insulated plane may be a solid wall (no-slip) and/or a free surface (perfect-slip). The boundary effect on the thermophoretic motion is found to be weaker than that on the axisymmetric thermophoresis of a sphere normal to a plane with constant temperature. In comparison with the motion driven by gravitational force, the interaction between the particle and the boundary is less significant under thermophoresis. Even so, the interaction between the plane and the particle can be very strong when the gap thickness approaches zero. For the thermophoretic motion of a particle parallel to a solid plane, the effect of the plane surface is to reduce the translational velocity of the particle. In the case of particle migration parallel to a free surface due to thermophoresis, the translating velocity of a particle can be either greater or smaller than that which would exist in the absence of the plane surface, depending on the relative thermal conductivity and the surface properties of the particle and its relative distance from the plane. Not only the translational velocity but also the rotational velocity of the thermophoretic sphere near the plane boundary is formulated analytically. The rotating direction of the particle is strongly dominated by its surface properties and the internal-to-external thermal conductivity. Besides the particle motion, the thickness of the thermophoretic boundary layer is evaluated by considering the thermophoretic mobility. Generally speaking, a free surface exerts less influence on the particle movement than a solid wall. Copyright 2000 Academic Press.

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PubMed2000

Analysis of inelastic x-ray scattering spectra of low-temperature water

We analyze a set of high-resolution inelastic x-ray scattering (IXS) spectra from H2O measured at T=259, 273, and 294 K using two different phenomenological models. Model I, called the "dynamic cage model," combines the short time in-cage dynamics described by a generalized Enskog kinetic theory with a long-time cage relaxation dynamics described by an alpha relaxation. This model is appropriate for supercooled water where the cage effect is dominant and the existence of an alpha relaxation is evident from molecular-dynamics (MD) simulation data of extended simple point charge (SPC/E) model water. Model II is essentially a generalized hydrodynamic theory called the "three effective eigenmode theory" by de Schepper et al. 11. This model is appropriate for normal liquid water where the cage effect is less prominent and there is no evidence of the alpha relaxation from the MD data. We use the model I to analyze IXS data at T=259 K (supercooled water). We successfully extract the Debye-Waller factor, the cage relaxation time from the long-time dynamics, and the dispersion relation of high-frequency sound from the short time dynamics. We then use the model II to analyze IXS data at all three temperatures, from which we are able to extract the relaxation rate of the central mode and the damping of the sound mode as well as the dispersion relation for the high-frequency sound. It turns out that the dispersion relations extracted from the two models at their respective temperatures agree with each other giving the high-frequency sound speed of 2900+/-300 m/s. This is to be compared with a slightly higher value reported previously, 3200+/-320 m/s, by analyzing similar IXS data with a phenomenological-damped harmonic oscillator model 22. This latter model has traditionally been used exclusively for the analysis of inelastic scattering spectra of water. The k-dependent sound damping and central mode relaxation rate extracted from our model analyses are compared with the known values in the hydrodynamic limit.

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PubMed2000

Clipped random wave analysis of isometric lamellar microemulsions

We have made small angle neutron scattering studies of C10E4-D2O-octane isometric microemulsions in the lamellar phase at the hydrophile-lipophile balance temperature. The scattering intensity distributions were then analyzed with a particular choice of a spectral density function (SDF) derived by maximization of generalized entropy. The model agrees well with the measured intensities on an absolute scale, and allowed us to derive various length scales associated with the microemulsion mesoscopic structure as well as the average interfacial curvatures. We also used the experimentally determined SDF to generate a three-dimensional snapshot of the fluctuating microemulsion microstructure. Unlike conventional pictures of extended lamellar planes, we observed small domains which were internally lamellar but randomly oriented with respect to each other. Finally, we computed the probability distributions of the mean curvature H and the Gaussian curvature K on the oil-water interface. The former showed a symmetric distribution centered around H = 0, while the latter showed a skewed distribution peaked at a negative value of K, but with a wing extending to positive values.

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PubMed1999

Brownian Diffusion in a Dilute Dispersion of Droplets.

An analytical study of Brownian motion in a dispersion of fluid drops is considered. The droplets, which are spherical and may differ in radius, are assumed to be close enough to interact hydrodynamically. Based on Einstein's description of Brownian motion that invokes an equilibrium and in which droplets are affected by a thermodynamic force, the Brownian diffusivities in two different situations are deduced. The first interaction concerns a homogeneous dilute suspension that is deformed locally. The relative diffusivity of two droplets with a given separation distance is derived from the mobility functions due to the low-Reynolds-number flow that arises because of two hydrodynamically interacting droplets. The second interaction concerns a suspension in which there is a concentration gradient of droplets. The thermodynamic force on each droplet in this case is shown to be equal to the gradient of the chemical potential of droplets, which brings the multidroplet excluded volume into the problem. For a determination of the average settling velocity of droplets falling through fluid under gravity, a theoretical result correct to the first order in volume fraction of the droplets is available. The diffusivity of the droplets is found to increase slowly as the concentration rises from zero. These results are generalized for an inhomogeneous suspension of several different species of droplet, and expressions for the diagonal and off-diagonal elements of the diffusivity matrix are obtained. The results, presented in simple closed forms, agree very well with the existing solutions for the limited cases of solid spheres. Moreover, the limiting diffusion situation of spherical gas bubbles is also considered. Copyright 1999 Academic Press.

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PubMed1996