SW Zhang | PubMed Health

PubMed2000

Ruthenium-catalyzed cyclic carbonylation of allenyl alcohols. Selective synthesis of gamma- and delta-lactones

[reaction: see text] Ruthenium complex-catalyzed carbonylation of allenyl alcohols quantitatively gave cyclic carbonyl compounds, gamma- and delta-lactones, in which the hydroxy group of allenyl alcohols participated in the cyclization. A wide variety of allenyl alcohols, such as mono-, di-, and trisubstituted alcohols, can be used in this reaction to produce 3- and 4-substituted gamma-lactones. Similarly, the cyclic carbonylation of 3,4-pentadien-1-ol 10a and 2-methyl-4,5-hexadien-2-ol 11a gave delta-lactones, 5,6-dihydro-3-methyl-2H-pyran-2-one 10b, and 5,6-dihydro-6,6-dimethyl-3-methyl-2H-pyran. 2-one 11b, respectively, in a quantitative yield.

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PubMed2000

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PubMed1998

Honeybee navigation: odometry with monocular input.

Recent studies have revealed that navigating honeybees, Apis mellifera, estimate the distance to a food source by integrating over time the image motion that they experience en route. Here we examine the ability of honeybees to gauge distance travelled when visual input is available primarily to one eye. Bees were trained to fly into a tunnel, lined with textured patterns, to collect a reward at a feeder placed at a certain distance. Their ability to estimate distance flown was then assessed by testing them in a fresh tunnel without the feeder. The results show that (1) bees can estimate distance flown under monocular conditions, performing nearly as accurately as when information is available to both eyes; (2) bees can learn to fly two different distances, where each distance is measured in terms of the image motion experienced by a different eye; and (3) bees that have acquired information on the distance to a food source using one eye can measure out the same distance when they are required to use the other (naive) eye. The need to measure distance using signals from a single eye becomes important when a bee flies to a food source along the face of a cliff or the edge of a forest. Furthermore, under such conditions, it is important to be able to deal with odometric signals that are transposed interocularly when the bee returns home from the food source. This is because, although distances are learnt primarily on the way to a food source, foraging bees monitor distance flown on the homebound as well as the outbound routes. Copyright 1998 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour.

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