Dr Hughston's legacy: a dedication to the fundamentals.
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History, 20th Century↗
Biomedical subjects
Scott F Dye
Publications and source records attributed to Scott F Dye.
The pathophysiology of patellofemoral pain: a tissue homeostasis perspective.
UNLABELLED: Fundamental to rational, safe, and effective treatment for any orthopaedic condition is an accurate understanding of the etiology of the symptoms. The decades-old paradigm of a pure structural and biomechanical explanation for the genesis of patellofemoral pain is giving way to one in which biologic factors are being given more consideration. It is increasingly evident that a variable mosaic of possible pathophysiologic processes, often caused by simple overload, best accounts for the etiology of patellofemoral pain in most patients. Inflamed synovial lining and fat pad tissues, retinacular neuromas, increased intraosseous pressure, and increased osseous metabolic activity of the patella all have been documented as contributing to the perception of anterior knee pain. Considered together, these processes can be characterized as loss of tissue homeostasis and can be seen as providing a new and alternative explanation for the conundrum of anterior knee pain. Certain high loading conditions of the patellofemoral joint can be of sufficient magnitude to induce the symptomatic loss of tissue homeostasis so that, once initiated, they may persist indefinitely. From this new biologic perspective, it clinically matters little what structural factors may be present in a given joint (such as chondromalacia, patellar tilt or a Q angle above a certain value) if the pain free condition of tissue homeostasis is safely achieved and maintained. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level V (expert opinion). See the Guidelines for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Arthralgia↗
Functional morphologic features of the human knee: an evolutionary perspective.
The complex functional morphologic characteristics of the knee are of ancient origin. The multiple asymmetries of anatomy can be traced back more than 300 million years to the pelvic appendages of Sarcoptorigian lobe-finned fish. The knee functions as a biologic transmission with ligaments acting as sensate linkages and the menisci acting as sensate, mobile bearings. Cine-computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging studies of intact knees from cadavers reveal a combined rolling and gliding motion, with posterior displacement of the femorotibial contact point with increasing flexion. The posterior displacement of the femorotibial contact point is greater in the lateral compartment by approximately a factor of two. The anatomy of the lateral compartment, including the inferior sloping of the posterior tibial plateau, reflects and accommodates this greater motion. This asymmetry of kinematics between the medial and lateral compartment, an established characteristic of human and many other extant mammalian knees, results in an internal rotation of the tibia relative to femur with increasing flexion. By taking into account the complexities of functional morphologic features of the knee, the design of joint replacements and bracing systems may be improved.
Animals↗
Soft-tissue anatomy anterior to the human patella.
BACKGROUND: The purpose of this anatomic study is to report the results of dissections of the soft-tissue structures anterior to the human patella. METHODS: Sixty-one fresh or fresh-frozen and thawed human cadaver knees were dissected for this study. Thirty-five of the knees were from men, and twenty-six were from women. The soft-tissue structures anterior to the patella were dissected layer by layer and documented photographically. RESULTS: Fifty-seven (93%) of the sixty-one knees were found to have a trilaminar arrangement of fibrous soft-tissue structures anterior to the patella from superficial to deep. Those structures included a transversely oriented fascia, an obliquely oriented aponeurosis, and the longitudinally oriented fibers of the rectus femoris tendon. Between the soft-tissue fibrous layers, there were three prepatellar spaces that can be termed bursae: a prepatellar subcutaneous bursa, a prepatellar subfascial bursa, and a prepatellar subaponeurotic bursa. Four of the sixty-one knees lacked an intermediate oblique aponeurotic layer. In none of the sixty-one knees was there a potential bursal space between the rectus femoris tendon and the anterior patellar bone. CONCLUSIONS: These anatomic findings are at variance with descriptions in standard anatomic orthopaedic texts and periodical literature, including the Nomina Anatomica. None of those texts accurately describe the presence of a prepatellar aponeurotic layer or a prepatellar subaponeurotic bursa. Also, in contradistinction to descriptions in the anatomic literature, including the Nomina Anatomica, no prepatellar subtendinous bursa was found in any of the sixty-one knees.
Adult↗