Quality of life: scaling with Maslow's need hierarchy.
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Aged↗
Biomedical subjects
Sigmund Hsiao
Publications and source records attributed to Sigmund Hsiao.
Educational level influences regional cerebral blood flow in patients with Alzheimer's disease.
UNLABELLED: We tested the hypothesis that educational level influences regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) in Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients. METHODS: The severity of AD was measured with the Cognitive Ability Screening Instrument (age and education adjusted). rCBF was assessed using (99m)Tc-hexamethylpropyleneamine oxime brain SPECT; differences in rCBF between groups with different educational levels were determined using statistical parametric mapping (SPM). RESULTS: In matched low-education (< or =6 y; n = 29) and high-education (>6 y; n = 29) groups, SPM revealed 2 statistically significant clusters of voxels with higher rCBF in the high-education group: one in the left lateral inferior, middle, and superior temporal gyrus; another in the left medial temporal area to the left inferior frontal gyrus. CONCLUSION: We provide biologic evidence that education may lead to relatively higher rCBF in specific areas in AD patients, which may explain the effects of education on clinical manifestations of AD.
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Amphetamine sensitization: nonassociative and associative components.
Rats, pretreated with amphetamine (AMPH, 1 mg/kg) or saline for 2 weeks, were challenged with AMPH (0.5 mg/kg) or saline following 1 week of abstinence, and locomotion was measured. In Experiments 1 and 2, the pretreatment occurred in various contexts (home cage, novel box, test box). Sensitization was observed only when pretreatment context and test context were the same; a context switch abolished sensitization. When rats anesthetized with chloral hydrate were pretreated with AMPH, sensitization was completely dependent on the pretreatment, but independent of context. This "zero context" condition isolated the basal level of excitation attributable to unconditioned neural change to determine the role of contextual input to be a modulator that enhances or inhibits sensitization.
Amphetamine↗
Haloperidol attenuates rewarding and aversively conditioned suppression of saccharin solution intake: reevaluation of the anhedonia hypothesis of dopamine blocking.
The dopamine (DA) antagonist, haloperidol, affected the conditioned suppression of a saccharin solution intake (the conditioned stimulus, CS) induced by amphetamine (AMPH) and lithium chloride (LiCl) unconditioned stimuli (USs). Four experiments showed that (a) haloperidol by itself did not reduce saccharin solution intake. (b) When haloperidol was injected between the CS and the US, the conditioned suppression was attenuated; however, (c) this did not occur when haloperidol was injected after the US, indicating that haloperidol affected the perception of the US. (d) This attenuation was found with both rewarding AMPH and aversive LiCl treatments, indicating that the valence of the US was unimportant. Thus, the so-called "anhedonia response" might be due to weakening of US impact. A general salient-stimulus hypothesis was proposed, with the anhedonia hypothesis of DA blocking as its subset.
Amphetamine↗