Stanislaw Sobotka | PubMed Health

PubMed2004

Can delay-period activity explain working memory?

Working-memory tasks often lead to elevated delay-period discharge rates in cortical neurons. When this altered neuronal discharge rate, called delay activity, shows stimulus specificity, it is a good candidate for a neuronal mechanism of working memory. If the delay activity is indeed the carrier of memory, then experimental manipulation during the delay period that disrupts delay activity should also disrupt behavioral performance. We tested this hypothesis in two macaque monkeys with a delayed matching-to-sample task (delay time: 8 or 10 s) in which only two visual images were used. In each trial, one of the images was randomly chosen as the sample. In control trials (without disruptive stimulation), the monkeys performed at the level of 74.3% correct recognition. Three electrical stimulation levels (mild: a 0.25-s train of electrical pulses; medium: 1-s train; strong: 4 s), delivered to the hippocampal formation or to the orbito-frontal and inferotemporal cortices during delay period, decreased the performance to 71.4, 66.8, and 58.0% respectively (all are significantly less than control performance, P < 0.05 for mild stimulation and P < 0.0001 for other stimulation levels). Three hundred and thirty-four cells were recorded from inferotemporal (211 cells) and prefrontal (123 cells) cortices. Significant (P < 0.05) stimulus-specific delay activity was found in about one-third of recorded cells. For these cells in control trials, the mean difference in delay-period spike rates between preferred and nonpreferred images was 26%. The electrical stimulation reduced this difference to 20% (not a statistically significant reduction) in trials with mild stimulation, to 14% (P < 0.05) with medium stimulation, and just to 4% (P < 0.0005) with strong stimulation. These results, that increasing electrical stimulation reduced neuronal selectivity and at the same time reduced behavioral performance, directly support the hypothesis that delay activity is the carrier of memory through the delay period.

Action Potentials↗

PubMed2002

Is the functional connectivity within temporal lobe influenced by saccadic eye movements?

Local evoked potentials (LEPs), recorded in response to electrical stimulation, were used to study functional connectivity between different sites of the temporal lobe. Permanent electrodes were implanted in anterior and posterior positions of both inferotemporal cortex (IT) and hippocampal formation (HF). In each experimental session, one of these four sites was stimulated and LEPs were recorded in the others. Clear LEPs were found in the anterior and posterior IT sites in response to stimulation of the anterior as well as posterior HF. Bidirectional connections (as judged by the potentials) were found between the anterior and posterior sites of the same structure (IT or HF). The timing of the LEPs indicates that much of the response was carried in multisynaptic circuits. Stimulation delivered just after the monkey made a saccade produced larger late components in the LEPs than the same stimulation delivered without a saccade. The influence was maximal when the delay between the end of the saccade and the electrical stimulation was in the range of 50-100 ms. This saccadic modulation of the functional connectivity was observed within IT (bidirectional) and between posterior HF and IT (unidirectional).

Animals↗