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Biomedical subjects

Stanley A Plotkin

Publications and source records attributed to Stanley A Plotkin.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2006

The history of rubella and rubella vaccination leading to elimination.

Congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) was discovered in the 1940s, rubella virus was isolated in the early 1960s, and rubella vaccines became available by the end of the same decade. Systematic vaccination against rubella, usually in combination with measles, has eliminated both the congenital and acquired infection from some developed countries, most recently the United States, as is confirmed by the articles in this supplement. The present article summarizes the clinical syndrome of CRS, the process by which the vaccine was developed, and the history leading up to elimination, as well as the possible extension of elimination on a wider scale.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Mumps vaccine virus strains and aseptic meningitis.

Mumps immunization can easily be included in national schedules, particularly if combined with measles or measles and rubella vaccines, but debate continues concerning the relative safety of various licensed mumps vaccine strains. The opportunities for control of mumps are also being affected by differences in the cost of the vaccines prepared with different strains of mumps virus. The present report evaluates available data on the association of the Urabe and other strains of mumps vaccine with the occurrence of aseptic meningitis. We also review the comparative immunogenicity and efficacies of the most widely used mumps vaccines in controlled clinical trials and field evaluations, and briefly examine relative cost as it relates to the implementation of national immunization programs. We conclude that extensive experience with the most widely used mumps vaccine strains in many countries has shown that the risk-benefit ratio of live mumps vaccines is highly favourable for vaccination, despite the occasional occurence of aseptic meningitis.

Child↗
PubMed2006

The new pentavalent rotavirus vaccine composed of bovine (strain WC3) -human rotavirus reassortants.

BACKGROUND: Infantile gastroenteritis caused by human rotaviruses is a prevalent disease throughout the world, causing dehydration and hospitalization in all countries. In developing countries, it is associated with a high mortality. A licensed vaccine against rotavirus was withdrawn because of a causal association with intussusception. A new vaccine has been developed and is a candidate for licensure. METHODS: To recount the early development and recent demonstration of the safety and efficacy of the new vaccine. A bovine rotavirus attenuated for humans was isolated and reassorted with human rotaviruses of serotypes G1-4 and P1 to create a pentavalent vaccine. Multiple placebo-controlled clinical trials, including one involving approximately 70,000 infants, were conducted in multiple developed countries. RESULTS: The pentavalent vaccine was well tolerated by infants less than 8 months of age, and the incidence of intussusception was similar among vaccine and placebo recipients. More than 90% of infants had a significant rise in serum antirotavirus IgA titer after 3 doses. Efficacy of 95% against severe disease causing hospitalization or emergency care was demonstrated, and pentavalent vaccine prevented 74% of all rotavirus disease. CONCLUSIONS: If widely used, pentavalent vaccine would control rotavirus disease in the United States and other developed countries and could also have a major effect in developing countries.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Vaccines: past, present and future.

The vaccines developed over the first two hundred years since Jenner's lifetime have accomplished striking reductions of infection and disease wherever applied. Pasteur's early approaches to vaccine development, attenuation and inactivation, are even now the two poles of vaccine technology. Today, purification of microbial elements, genetic engineering and improved knowledge of immune protection allow direct creation of attenuated mutants, expression of vaccine proteins in live vectors, purification and even synthesis of microbial antigens, and induction of a variety of immune responses through manipulation of DNA, RNA, proteins and polysaccharides. Both noninfectious and infectious diseases are now within the realm of vaccinology. The profusion of new vaccines enables new populations to be targeted for vaccination, and requires the development of routes of administration additional to injection. With all this come new problems in the production, regulation and distribution of vaccines.

Allergy and Immunology↗
PubMed2005

Six revolutions in vaccinology.

The history of vaccine development can be divided into 5 waves, produced by revolutions in technology. They are attenuation, inactivation, cell culture of viruses, genetic engineering and methods to induce cellular immune responses. This division is somewhat artificial, and all of the past strategies continue to be useful. I discuss the candidates for the sixth revolution, which include combination vaccines, new adjuvants, proteomics, reverse vaccinology and vaccines for noninfectious diseases, among others. I propose new delivery systems as the most likely to succeed, although humbly admitting that prediction is always subject to error.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Serological response and poliovirus excretion following different combined oral and inactivated poliovirus vaccines immunization schedules.

A controlled study was conducted in Karachi, Pakistan to compare humoral and mucosal immune responses against polioviruses in infants who received oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV) at birth and at 6, 10, and 14 weeks according to the Expanded Program on Immunization (EPI) with infants who received either three doses of inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV) at 6, 10, and 14 weeks together with OPV or one additional dose of IPV at 14 weeks together, with the last dose of OPV. A total of 1429 infants were enrolled; 24-week serum specimens were available for 898 infants (63%). They all received a challenge dose of OPV type 3 at 24 weeks of age. The addition of three doses of IPV to three doses of OPV induced a significantly higher percentage of seropositive children at 24 weeks of age for polio 1 (97% versus 89%, P<0.001) and polio 3 (98% versus 92%) compared to the EPI schedule. However, the one supplemental dose of IPV at 14 weeks did not increase the serological response at 24 weeks. Intestinal immunity against the challenge dose was similar in the three groups. Combined schedules of OPV and IPV in the form of diphtheria-pertussis-tetanus-IPV vaccine (DPT-IPV) may be useful to accelerate eradication of polio in developing countries.

Antibodies, Viral↗
PubMed2002

Microbial evolution: antitoxin vaccines and pathogen virulence.

In their mathematical description of vaccine-induced immunity, Gandon et al. predict that the host's immunity to a microbial toxin will lead to increased virulence of the pathogen without affecting its transmission. However, results obtained using vaccines against two additional bacterial pathogens are not consistent with this prediction. The model proposed by Gandon et al. may therefore be an oversimplification, with the outcome depending on the biological details of both the pathogen and the vaccine.

Adaptation, Physiological↗