Biomedical subjects

Sven Krüger

Publications and source records attributed to Sven Krüger.

11 recordsLinked to original sources

PubMed2006

Two hydrogen ligands on tetrairidium clusters: a relativistic density functional study.

Structural and energetic properties of Ir(4)H(2) have been determined by applying a relativistic density functional method. As previously obtained for Ir(4)H, terminal coordination of H ligands is preferred, in contrast to some other transition metals. Square-planar Ir(4) isomers with an H binding energy of up to 318 kJ mol(-1) per atom were determined as the most stable structures of Ir(4)H(2). Isomers with a tetrahedral or butterfly structure of the metal framework exhibit average H atom binding energies of up to approximately 300 kJ mol(-1). For all three types of isomers, a surprisingly large number of stable minima was identified. Unexpectedly, structural as well as energetic properties of Ir(4)H(2) complexes are very similar to Ir(4)H. Thus binding of an H atom to Ir(4) is only slightly affected by the presence of a second H ligand. In all cases examined, the reaction H(2)+ Ir(4)--> H(2)Ir(4) was found to be exothermic with reaction energies of up to 170 kJ mol(-1).

Computer Simulation↗

PubMed2006

A density functional study of uranyl monocarboxylates.

We studied uranium(VI) monocarboxylate complexes by a relativistic density functional method using simple carboxylic acids as ligands, i.e. [UO2(OOCR)]+ (R = H, CH3, CH2CH3). These complexes exist in aqueous solution and, for R = CH3 and CH2CH3, may also be considered as models of uranyl complexated by humic substances. We investigated mono- and bidentate coordination modes. Short-range solvent effects were accounted for explicitly via aqua ligands of the first hydration shell and long-range electrostatic interactions were described via a polarizable continuum model. The calculated results for the uranyl U=O bond, the bond to aqua ligands, and the averaged uranium distances to equatorial oxygen atoms, U-Oeq, agreed quite well with EXAFS-derived interatomic distances. However, the uranyl-carboxylate bond was calculated to be notably shorter than the experimentally determined value. Experimental differences between mono- and bidentate coordination, obtained mainly from crystal structures, were qualitatively reproduced for the U-C distance but not for the average bond length, U-Oeq. We discuss these discrepancies between calculated and experimental results in some detail and suggest changes in the coordination number rather than variations of the coordination geometry as the main source of the experimentally observed variation of the U-Oeq distance.

Carboxylic Acids↗

PubMed2006

Structure, stability, electronic and magnetic properties of Ni4 clusters containing impurity atoms.

Using a gradient-corrected density functional method, we studied computationally how single impurity atoms affect the structure and the properties of a Ni4 cluster. H and O atoms coordinate at a Ni-Ni bond, inducing small changes to the structure of bare Ni4 which is essentially a tetrahedron. For a C impurity, we found three stable structures at a Ni4 cluster. In the most stable geometry, the carbon atom cleaves a Ni-Ni bond of Ni4, binding to all Ni atoms. Inclusion of the impurity atom leads to a partial oxidation of the metal atoms and, in the most stable structures, reduces the spin polarization of the cluster compared to bare Ni4. An H impurity interacts mainly with the Ni 4s orbitals, whereas the Ni 3d orbitals participate strongly in the bonding with O and C impurity atoms. For these impurity atoms, Ni 3d contributions dominate the character of the HOMO of the ligated cluster, in contrast to the HOMO of bare Ni4 where Ni 4s orbitals prevail. We also discuss a simple model which relates the effect of a H impurity on the magnetic state of metal clusters to the spin character (minority or majority) of the LUMO or HOMO of the bare metal cluster.

Journal Article↗

PubMed2006

Systematic DFT study of gas phase and solvated uranyl and neptunyl complexes [AnO2X4]n (An = U, Np; X = F, Cl, OH, n = -2; X = H2O, n = +2).

The six-valent uranyl and neptunyl complexes [An(VI)O2X4]n (An = U, Np; X = F, Cl, OH, n = -2; X = H2O, n = +2) have been studied within the framework of density functional theory. The relative stabilities of the cis and trans isomers, structural properties, charge distribution, and ligand binding energies have been determined using the modified Perdew-Burke-Ernzerhof functional at the all-electron scalar relativistic level. Uranyl and neptunyl complexes with different ligands have been compared in a systematic fashion, demonstrating close similarity of these actinides in oxidation state VI. In addition, the effect of an aqueous solution has been taken into account with the polarizable continuum model COSMO. Computed averaged ligand binding energies permit one to rationalize the observed different stabilities of the title species in aqueous media.

Journal Article↗

PubMed2005

The heat of formation of the uranyl dication: theoretical evaluation based on relativistic density functional calculations.

By using a set of model reactions, we estimated the heat of formation of gaseous UO2(2+) from quantum-chemical reaction enthalpies and experimental heats of formation of reference species. For this purpose, we performed relativistic density functional calculations for the molecules UO2(2+), UO2, UF6, and UF5. We used two gradient-corrected exchange-correlation functionals (revised Perdew-Burke-Ernzerhof (PBEN) and Becke-Perdew (BP)) and we accounted for spin-orbit interaction in a self-consistent fashion. Indeed, spin-orbit interaction notably affects the energies of the model reactions, especially if compounds of U(IV) are involved. Our resulting theoretical estimates for delta fH(o)0 (UO2(2+)), 365+/-10 kcal mol(-1) (PBEN) and 370+/-12 kcal mol(-1) (BP), are in quantitative agreement with a recent experimental result, 364+/-15 kcal mol(-1). Agreement between the results of the two different exchange-correlation functionals PBEN and BP supports the reliability of our approach. The procedure applied offers a general means to derive unknown enthalpies of formation of actinide species based on the available well-established data for other compounds of the element in question.

Journal Article↗

PubMed2005

The cluster Ir4 and its interaction with a hydrogen impurity. A density functional study.

To contribute to the understanding of how iridium particles act as catalysts for hydrogenation and dehydrogenation of hydrocarbons, we have determined structures and binding energies of various isomers of Ir(4) as well as HIr(4) on the basis of relativistic density functional theory. The most stable isomer of Ir(4) showed a square planar structure with eight unpaired electrons. The tetrahedral structure, experimentally suggested for supported species, was calculated 49 kJ mol(-1) less stable. Hydrogen coordinates preferentially to a single Ir center of the planar cluster with a binding energy of up to 88 kJ mol(-1) with respect to the atom in the H(2) molecule. Terminal interaction of hydrogen with an Ir(4) tetrahedron causes the cluster to open to a butterfly structure. We calculated terminal binding of hydrogen at different Ir(4) isomers to be more stable than bridge coordination, at variance with earlier studies.

Catalysis↗

PubMed2004

Role of solvation in the reduction of the uranyl dication by water: a density functional study.

We have studied the solvation of uranyl, UO(2)(2+), and the reduced species UO(OH)(2+) and U(OH)(2)(2+) systematically using three levels of approximation: direct application of a continuum model (M1); explicit quantum-chemical treatment of the first hydration sphere (M2); a combined quantum-chemical/continuum model approach (M3). We have optimized complexes with varying numbers of aquo ligands (n = 4-6) and compared their free energies of solvation. Models M1 and M2 have been found to recover the solvation energy only partially, underestimating it by approximately 100 kcal/mol or more. With our best model M3, the calculated hydration free energy Delta(h)G degrees of UO(2)(2+) is about -420 kcal/mol, which shifts to about -370 kcal/mol when corrected for the expected error of the model. This value agrees well with the experimentally determined interval, -437 kcal/mol < Delta(h)G degrees < -318 kcal/mol. Complexes with 5 and 6 aquo ligands have been found to be about equally favored with models M2 and M3. The same solvation models have been applied to a two-step reduction of UO(2)(2+) by water, previously theoretically studied in the gas phase. Our results show that the solvation contribution to the reaction free energy, about 60 kcal/mol, dominates the endoergicity of the reduction.

Journal Article↗

PubMed2002

Recognition of cuneiform inscription signs by use of a hybrid-optoelectronic correlator device.

A hybrid-optoelectronic correlator device and an algorithm are proposed for recognizing cuneiform inscription signs. The device is based on the extended correlator architecture with three liquid-crystal display(s) (LCD)s and three light detectors: one CCD camera for capturing the input image, oneLCD for displaying the input image, two LCDs for the complex correlation filter (amplitude and phase parts), and two detectors for measuring the total and peak intensities of the output correlation information. The recognition algorithm is designed to allow automatic as well as real-time processing. The recognition results are given for the cuneiform signs impressed on an original clay tablet. The investigated tablet (VAT 12890 of the Pergamon Museum, Berlin, Germany) was found in Bogazköy (Hattusha) and dates from the 14th century B.C. It is a fragment of the Epic of Gilgamesh in the Akkadian language with a large number of the sign samples.

Journal Article↗

PubMed2002

Comparative study of relativistic density functional methods applied to actinide species AcO(2)(2+) and AcF(6) for Ac = U, Np.

A two-component relativistic density functional method based on the Douglas-Kroll-Hess transformation has been applied to the actinyls and hexafluorides of U and Np. All-electron scalar relativistic calculations as well as calculations including spin-orbit interaction have been compared to results obtained with a pseudopotential approach. In addition, several exchange-correlation potentials have been applied to examine their performance for the bond lengths and vibrational frequencies of the title compounds. The calculations confirm the well-known accuracy of the LDA approach for geometries and frequencies, which is corroborated for the hexafluorides where gas phase experimental data are available. Comparison with results of accurate wave function based methods provides further confirmation of this finding. Gradient-corrected functionals tend to overestimate bond lengths and underestimate frequencies also for actinide compounds. The results obtained with Stoll-Preuss (small core) effective core potentials agree very well with those of all-electron calculations, while calculations with Hay-Martin large core pseudopotentials are somewhat less accurate. For all molecules and properties considered, spin-orbit effects have been found negligible concomitant with the closed-shell electronic structure of the U(VI) compounds and the open-shell situation of the Np(VI) compounds with a single valence f electron.

Journal Article↗

PubMed1997

A Novel Anionic Gold-Indium Cluster Compound: Synthesis and Molecular and Electronic Structure.

The insertion of InBr into the Au-Br bond of [(Ph(3)P)AuBr] in tetrahydrofuran (thf) in the presence of [(CH(2)PPh(2))(2)] (dppe) leads to the formation of an orange complex [(dppe)(2)Au](+)[(dppe)(2)Au(3)In(3)Br(7)(thf)](-), 2. Analytical, spectroscopic, and X-ray structural investigations showed that this product is an anionic analogue of a neutral chloride complex [(dppe)(2)Au(3)In(3)Cl(6)(thf)(3)], 1, prepared recently. Both complexes have an Au(3)In(3) cluster core of approximate C(2)(v)() symmetry with one extremely short Au-Au bond [Au1-Au3 2.575(1) Å] as part of a quasi-linear array P1-Au1-Au3-P4, suggesting the presence of a bis(phosphine) complex of the neutral Au(2) molecule as part of the cluster. The third gold atom (Au2) is then assigned oxidation state +1. To gain deeper insight into the structure and bonding of this novel class of gold cluster compounds, regarding mainly the peculiar cluster geometry, the charge distribution, and the oxidation states, a series of scalar relativistic all-electron density functional (DF) calculations on model systems has been performed. As a model for 1, the neutral cluster {Au(3)(PH(3))(4)[InCl(2)(H(2)O)](3)} was studied. For the examination of the geometry of complexes 1 and 2, the cluster Au(3)(PH(3))(4)I(3) has been considered as a further simplified model, where iodine replaces the InX(2)(thf) units. Experimental and calculated cluster geometries agree satisfactorily, and the formal oxidation states of the gold atoms (0 for Au1 and Au3, +1 for Au2) could be confirmed, but for the In centers no interpretable differences of the Mulliken charges were found.

Journal Article↗

PubMed1997

A Density Functional Study of Metal-Ligand Bonding in [(PR(3))(2)M](+) and [PR(3)MCl] (M = Ag, Au; R = H, Me) Complexes.

Relativistic and nonrelativistic electronic structure calculations were carried out on [(PR(3))(2)M](+)and [PR(3)MCl] (M = Ag, Au; R = H, Me) complexes using the all-electron linear combination of Gaussian-type orbitals density functional (LCGTO-DF) method. The calculated relativistic metal-ligand bond lengths show good agreement with experimental values. The relativistic contraction of the M-P bonds in [(PR(3))(2)M](+) is about 8 and 22 pm for M = Ag and Au, respectively, resulting in Au-P bonds that are about 10 pm shorter than the Ag-P bonds in these species, in good agreement with recent crystallographic results for the cations [(PMes(3))(2)M](+) (M = Ag, Au). The relativistic contraction of the Au-Cl bond in [PR(3)AuCl] is significantly less than that of the Au-P bond, and this explains the experimentally observed differential Au-X and Au-P bond length contractions from [PR(3)AgX] to [PR(3)AuX]. The calculated relativistic bond lengths for corresponding PH(3) and PMe(3) complexes are very similar, confirming a previous conclusion that PH(3) is a good model for structural properties of larger tertiary phosphine ligands. However, the bond lengths for the PMe(3) complexes are all slightly longer than those for the corresponding PH(3) complexes, whereas the M-P dissociation energies are 20-40% higher for the PMe(3) complexes. These findings provide computational support for the concept of "longer but stronger bonds", which was recently proposed on the basis of experimental studies of transition metal complexes involving various substituted phosphine ligands.

Journal Article↗