T A Beattie | PubMed Health

PubMed2001

Latex sensitivity in a macaque (Macaca mulatta).

UNLABELLED: BACKGROUND AND HISTORY: An adult Macaca mulatta was examined because of a history of multiple episodes of conjunctivitis and an acute, pruritic, dermatitic eruption that affected the axillary and inguinal regions, forearms, thorax, and neck. METHODS AND RESULTS: Results of corneal staining, examination of skin scrapings and feces, fungal culture, CBC, and a thyroid profile (thyroxine/triiodothyronine concentrations) were negative or normal, with the exception of eosinophilia (1,040/mm3). Examination of a punch biopsy specimen of the skin indicated chronic, nonsuppurative eosinophilic dermatitis. Skin patch testing against 25 contact allergens was negative for a delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction. Allergen-specific IgE testing, using six monkey chow additives, also yielded negative results, but testing against latex revealed a strong positive result (0.74 KU/L) consistent with a latex allergy. A skin prick test performed by use of a latex supernatant revealed significant inflammation at the latex site at 72 h and one week. Vinyl gloves were substituted for latex gloves, and that resulted in a marked decrease in erythema, pruritus, and lichenification with no flares of dermatitis for four years. Repeat skin biopsy fourteen weeks after the original biopsy revealed normal epidermis; however, mild chronic active nonsuppurative, perifolliculitis persisted. CONCLUSION: Latex can induce allergic dermatitis in nonhuman primates and should be included in the differen tial diagnosis for atopic dermatitis.

Animals↗

PubMed2000

Use of guanfacine to control self-injurious behavior in two rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) and one baboon (Papio anubis).

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Self-injurious behavior (SIB) affects 0.8 to 10% of individually housed non-human primates, and is a substantial threat to their health and well being. The potential for SIB to involve multiple neurotransmitters and the complex variations in response to external stressors complicate case management. Modulation of the adrenergic system by use of guanfacine, an alpha2A-adrenergic receptor agonist, was assessed as a novel therapeutic strategy for SIB. METHODS: The efficacy of guanfacine against SIB was evaluated in 11 self-biting episodes among two rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) and one baboon (Papio cynocephalus anubis). Affected animals were given guanfacine IM or PO at 0.5 mg/kg of body weight twice daily (rhesus) or 0.3 mg/kg (baboon) for 5 to 10 days, followed by gradual reduction of the dose to 0.25 mg/kg (rhesus) or 0.15 mg/kg (baboon) once daily over an average of 33 days. RESULTS: The 0.5 mg/kg twice daily regimen of guanfacine halted all self-biting, whereas reducing the dose to 0.25 mg/kg given twice daily or 0.5 mg/kg given once daily resulted in reversion to self-biting in four of the 11 episodes. Recurrence was controlled by returning to twice daily 0.5 mg/kg dosing for one aggressive episode, and resolved in the three milder episodes without dose or frequency being increased. Self-biting after discontinuation of therapy recurred six times over five years in case 1, three times over 1.5 years in case 2, and three times over one year in case 3. Clinical assessment suggested that guanfacine therapy decreased agitation without overt side effects associated with alpha2-agonists, such as profound sedation. CONCLUSION: The mechanism for guanfacine inhibition of self-biting is unclear, but could result from strengthening of prefrontal cortex inhibitory functions. Guanfacine therapy provides an effective psychological stabilizing tool that alleviates self-biting, and provides time to assess and address external stressors and triggers.

Adrenergic alpha-Agonists↗