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T Bisseling

Publications and source records attributed to T Bisseling.

At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed1997

Ethylene provides positional information on cortical cell division but is not involved in Nod factor-induced root hair tip growth in Rhizobium-legume interaction.

Nod factors secreted by Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viciae induce root hair deformation, involving a reinitiation of tip growth, and the formation of nodule primordia in Vicia sativa (vetch). Ethylene is a potent inhibitor of cortical cell division, an effect that can be counteracted by applying silver ions (Ag+) or aminoethoxy-vinylglycine (AVG). In contrast to the inhibitory effect on cortical cell division, ethylene promotes the formation of root hairs (which involves tip growth) in the root epidermis of Arabidopsis. We investigate the possible paradox concerning the action of ethylene, putatively promoting Nod factor induced tip growth whilst, at the same time, inhibiting cortical cell division. We show, by using the ethylene inhibitors AVG and Ag+, that ethylene has no role in the reinitiation of root hair tip growth induced by Nod factors (root hair deformation) in vetch. However, root hair formation is controlled, at least in part, by ethylene. Furthermore, we show that ACC oxidase, which catalizes the last step in ethylene biosynthesis, is expressed in the cell layers opposite the phloem in that part of the root where nodule primordia are induced upon inoculation with Rhizobium. Therefore, we test whether endogenously produced ethylene provides positional information controlling the site where nodule primordia are formed by determining the position of nodules formed on pea roots grown in the presence of AVG or Ag+.

Amino Acid Oxidoreductases↗
PubMed1997

Signalling in symbiotic root nodule formation.

Rhizobia form nodules on legume roots in which they carry out biological nitrogen fixation. The location and number of nodules is tightly regulated. Exchange of signal molecules that activate responses in the symbiotic partner takes place: plant flavonoids induce the production of rhizobial Nod factors; Nod factors induce gene expression and morphogenesis in the legume root. ENOD40 is a plant gene induced by Nod factors that is involved in root nodule formation. ENOD40 encodes a peptide of 12 amino acids in soya bean that can induce tolerance of high auxin concentrations in tobacco protoplasts.

Bacterial Proteins↗
PubMed1996

Modification of phytohormone response by a peptide encoded by ENOD40 of legumes and a nonlegume.

The gene ENOD40 is expressed during early stages of legume nodule development. A homolog was isolated from tobacco, which, as does ENOD40 from legumes, encodes an oligopeptide of about 10 amino acids. In tobacco protoplasts, these peptides change the response to auxin at concentrations as low as 10(-12) to 10(-16)M. The peptides encoded by ENOD40 appear to act as plant growth regulators.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1996

Sucrose synthase and enolase expression in actinorhizal nodules of Alnus glutinosa: comparison with legume nodules.

Two different types of nitrogen-fixing root nodules are known- actinorhizal nodules induced by Frankia and legume nodules induced by rhizobia. While legume nodules show a stem-like structure with peripheral vascular bundles, actinorhizal nodule lobes resemble modified lateral roots with a central vascular bundle. To compare carbon metabolism in legume and actinorhizal nodules, sucrose synthase and enolase cDNA clones were isolated from a cDNA library, obtained from actinorhizal nodules of Alnus glutinosa. The expression of the corresponding genes was markedly enhanced in nodules compared to roots. in situ hybridization showed that, in nodules, both sucrose synthase and enolase were expressed at high levels in the infected cortical cells as well as in the pericycle of the central vascular bundle of a nodule lobe. Legume sucrose synthase expression was studied in indeterminate nodules from pea and determinate nodules from Phaseolus vulgaris by using in situ hybridization.

Actinomycetaceae↗
PubMed1996

A novel type of DNA-binding protein interacts with a conserved sequence in an early nodulin ENOD12 promoter.

The pea genes PsENOD12A and PsENOD12B are expressed in the root hairs shortly after infection with the nitrogen-fixing bacterium Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viciae or after application of purified Nod factors. A 199 bp promoter fragment of the PsENOD12B gene contains sufficient information for Nod factor-induced tissue-specific expression. We have isolated a Vicia sativa cDNA encoding a 1641 amino acid protein, ENBP1, that interacts with the 199 bp ENOD12 promoter. Two different DNA-binding domains were identified in ENBP1. A domain containing six AT-hooks interacts specifically with an AT-rich sequence located between positions -95 and -77 in the PsENOD12B promoter. A second domain in ENBP1 is a cysteine-rich region that binds to the ENOD12 promoter in a sequence non-specific but metal-dependent way. ENBP1 is expressed in the same cell types as ENOD12. However, additional expression is observed in the nodule parenchyma and meristem. The presence of three small overlapping ORFs in the 5'-untranslated region of the ENBP1 cDNA indicates that ENBP1 expression might be regulated at the translational level. The interaction of ENBP1 with a conserved AT-rich element within the ENOD12 promoter and the presence of the ENBP1 transcript in cells expressing ENOD12 strongly suggest that ENBP1 is a transcription factor involved in the regulation of ENOD12. Finally, the C-terminal region of ENBP1 shows strong homology to a protein from rat that is specifically expressed in testis tissue.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1996

The pea early nodulin gene PsENOD7 maps in the region of linkage group I containing sym2 and leghaemoglobin.

The early nodulin gene, PsENOD7, is expressed in pea root nodules induced by Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viciae, but not in other plant organs. In situ hybridization showed that this gene is transcribed during nodule maturation in the infected cells of the proximal part of the prefixation zone II. At the transition of zone II into interzone II-III, the level of PsENOD7 mRNA drops markedly. PsENOD7 has no significant homology to other genes. RFLP mapping studies have shown that PsENOD7 is located in linkage group I between the leghaemoglobin genes and sym2.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1996

Nitrogen metabolism in actinorhizal nodules of Alnus glutinosa: expression of glutamine synthetase and acetylornithine transaminase.

Two nodule cDNA clones representing genes involved in Alnus glutinosa nitrogen metabolism were analysed. ag11 encoded glutamine synthetase (GS), the enzyme responsible for ammonium assimilation, while ag118 encoded acetylornithine transaminase (AOTA), an enzyme involved in the biosynthesis of citrulline, the nitrogen transport form in Alnus. GS mRNA was found at highest levels in root nodules, where it was present in the infected cells as well as in the cells of the pericycle of the vascular system. AOTA transcripts were found at high levels in nodules, confined to the infected cells, suggesting that in nodules of A. glutinosa, citrulline biosynthesis takes place mainly in the infected cells.

Actinomycetales↗
PubMed1996

Identification of agthi1, whose product is involved in biosynthesis of the thiamine precursor thiazole, in actinorhizal nodules of Alnus glutinosa.

A cDNA clone, pAgthi1, encoding a homologue of yeast Thi4, which is involved in thiazole biosynthesis, was isolated from a library made from poly(A) RNA from actinorhizal nodules of Alnus glutinosa by differential screening with nodule and root cDNA, respectively. The corresponding gene, agthi1, was shown to be expressed at high levels in nodules and shoot tips of A. glutinosa, while having low expression levels in roots, flowers, and developing fruits. The function of AgThi1 was demonstrated by yeast complementation studies, in which AgThi1 was able to rescue a yeast thi4 mutant when fused to the yeast Thi4 signal peptide. In A. glutinosa nodules, high levels of agthi1 mRNA were detected in the infected cortical cells and in the pericycle of the nodule vascular system. A homologue of this cDNA, ara6/tz, was identified in Arabidopsis thaliana. ara6 maps in a region of chromosome 5 of Arabidopsis containing the tz locus which is consistent with the fact that ara6 transcription is disturbed in two tz mutant lines. ara6/tz is expressed at high levels in chloroplast-containing parenchymatic cells of leaves, inflorescence shoots and flowers of Arabidopsis, and at lower levels in the vascular system.

Arabidopsis↗
PubMed1995

A 200 bp region of the pea ENOD12 promoter is sufficient for nodule-specific and nod factor induced expression.

ENOD12 is one of the first nodulin genes expressed upon inoculation with Rhizobium and also purified Nod factors are able to induce ENOD12 expression. The ENOD12 gene family in pea (Pisum sativum) has two members. A cDNA clone representing PsENOD12A [26] and a PsENOD12B genomic clone [7] have been previously described. The isolation and characterization of a PsENOD12A genomic clone is presented in this paper. By using a Vicia hirsuta-Agrobacterium rhizogenes transformation system it is shown that both genes have a similar expression pattern in transgenic V. hirsuta root nodules. Promoter analyses of both PsENOD12 promoters showed that the 200 bp immediately upstream of the transcription start are sufficient to direct nodule-specific and Nod factor-induced gene expression.

Base Sequence↗
PubMed1995

VsENOD5, VsENOD12 and VsENOD40 expression during Rhizobium-induced nodule formation on Vicia sativa roots.

We isolated ENOD5, ENOD12 and ENOD40 homologues from Vicia sativa and studied their expression pattern during Rhizobium-induced nodule formation. Comparison of the VsENOD40 nucleotide sequence with the pea, soybean and alfalfa ENOD40 sequences showed that the sequences contain two conserved regions, called region I and region II. Comparison of all the potential open reading frames (ORFs) showed that all the five different ENOD40 clones encode a highly conserved small polypeptide of 12 or 13 amino acids encoded by an ORF located in region I. Furthermore we studied with in situ hybridization the expression pattern of VsENOD5, VsENOD12 and VsENOD40 during Rhizobium-induced nodule formation. Although the expression of these genes is largely similar to that of the pea counterparts, differences where found for the expression of VsENOD12 and VsENOD40 in Vicia. VsENOD12 is expressed in the whole prefixation zone II, whereas in pea ENOD12 is only expressed in the distal part of this zone. VsENOD40 is expressed in the uninfected cells of interzone II-III, while in pea ENOD40 is expressed in both the uninfected and infected cells of this zone.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1995

Early nodulin gene expression during Nod factor-induced processes in Vicia sativa.

Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viciae-secreted Nod factors are able to induce root hair deformation, the formation of nodule primordia and the expression of early nodulin genes in Vicia sativa (vetch). To obtain more insight into the mode of action of Nod factors the expression of early nodulin genes was followed during Nod factor-induced root hair deformation and nodule primordium formation. The results of these studies suggested that the expression of VsENOD5 and VsENOD12 is not required for root hair deformation. In the Nod factor-induced primordia both VsENOD12 and VsENOD40 are expressed in a spatially controlled manner similar to that found in Rhizobium-induced nodule primordia. In contrast, VsENOD5 expression has never been observed in Nod factor-induced primordia, showing that the induction of VsENOD5 and VsENOD12 expression are not coupled. VsENOD5 expression is induced in the root epidermis by Nod factors and in Rhizobium-induced nodule primordia only in cells infected by the bacteria, suggesting that the Nod factor does not reach the inner cortical cells.

Base Sequence↗
PubMed1995

Characterization and gene expression of nodulin Npv30 from common bean.

We previously reported that transcripts for a 30-kD nodulin (Npv30) are very abundant in the nodule. In this paper we describe the isolation and characterization of Npv30 cDNA and genomic clones. Npv30 has the following characteristic features: (a) a putative signal sequence at the deduced amino-terminal region, (b) a proline-rich stretch at the carboxy terminus, and (c) a characteristic domain of four cysteines that resemble metal-binding sites. In Phaseolus vulgaris L., Npv30 is encoded by a small gene family that shares discrete sequence homologies with another small gene family in soybean. An antibody against a beta-galactosidase-Npv30 fusion protein detected two proteins of 28 and 30 kD. Although Npv30 transcripts are very abundant, they encode proteins that are hardly detected in nodule fractions, suggesting that these proteins have a short half-life and/or the mRNAs are strongly regulated at the translational level. Npv30 transcripts were detected in the infected cells of the nodule by in situ hybridization experiments.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1995

A nodule-specific gene encoding a subtilisin-like protease is expressed in early stages of actinorhizal nodule development.

To identify genes specifically expressed during early stages of actinorhizal nodule development, a cDNA library made from poly(A) RNA from root nodules of Alnus glutinosa was screened differentially with nodule and root cDNA, respectively. Seven nodule-enhanced and four nodule-specific cDNA clones were isolated. By using in situ hybridization, two of the nodule-specific cDNAs were shown to be expressed at the highest levels in infected cells before the onset of nitrogen fixation; one of them, ag12 (A. glutinosa), was examined in detail. Sequencing showed that ag12 codes for a serine protease of the subtilisin (EC 3.4.21.14) family. Subtilisins previously appeared to be limited to microorganisms. However, subtilisin-like serine proteases have recently been found in archaebacteria, fungi, and yeasts as well as in mammals; a plant subtilisin has also been sequenced. In yeast and mammals, subtilases are responsible for processing peptide hormones. A homolog of ag12, ara12, was identified in Arabidopsis; it was expressed in all organs, and its expression levels were highest during silique development. Hence, our study shows that subtilases are also involved in both symbiotic and nonsymbiotic processes in plant development.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1994

The root epidermis-specific pea gene RH2 is homologous to a pathogenesis-related gene.

Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis of pea root and root hair proteins revealed the existence of at least 10 proteins present at elevated levels in root hairs. One of these, named RH2, was isolated and a partial amino acid sequence was determined from two tryptic peptides. Using this sequence information oligonucleotides were designed to isolate by PCR an RH2 cDNA clone. In situ hybridization studies with this cDNA clone showed that rh2 is not only expressed in root hairs, but also in root epidermal cells lacking these tubular outgrowths. During post-embryonic development the gene is switched on after the transition of protoderm into epidermis and since rh2 is already expressed in a globular pea embryo in the protoderm at the side attached to the suspensor, we conclude that the expression of rh2 is developmentally regulated. At the amino acid level RH2 is 95% homologous to the pea PR protein I49a. These gene encoding I49a is induced in pea pods upon inoculation with the pathogen Fusarium solani [12]. We postulate that rh2 contributes to a constitutive defence barrier in the root epidermis. A similar role has been proposed for chalcone synthase (CHS) and chitinase, pathogenesis-related protein that are also constitutively present in certain epidermal tissues.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1994

Comparison of soybean and pea ENOD40 cDNA clones representing genes expressed during both early and late stages of nodule development.

A pea cDNA clone representing the homologue of the soybean pGmENOD40-1 was isolated and characterized. At the nucleotide level both clones share 55% homology. Strikingly, the homology between the polypeptides derived from the pea and soybean ENOD40 cDNA sequences is only 14%. Despite this low homology Southern analyses revealed that the isolated pea cDNA clone represents the single pea ENOD40. In situ hybridizations showed that at early stages of nodule development and in mature nodules the expression pattern of pea ENOD40 is comparable to that of soybean ENOD40. Although ENOD40 show similar expression patterns in these two nodules, it is questionable whether the putative polypeptides have a similar function, since the homology is very low.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1994

Rhizobium nod factors reactivate the cell cycle during infection and nodule primordium formation, but the cycle is only completed in primordium formation.

Rhizobia induce the formation of root nodules on the roots of leguminous plants. In temperate legumes, nodule organogenesis starts with the induction of cell divisions in regions of the root inner cortex opposite protoxylem poles, resulting in the formation of nodule primordia. It has been postulated that the susceptibility of these inner cortical cells to Rhizobium nodulation (Nod) factors is conferred by an arrest at a specific stage of the cell cycle. Concomitantly with the formation of nodule primordia, cytoplasmic rearrangement occurs in the outer cortex. Radially aligned cytoplasmic strands form bridges, and these have been called preinfection threads. It has been proposed that the cytoplasmic bridges are related to phragmosomes. By studying the in situ expression of the cell cycle genes cyc2, H4, and cdc2 in pea and alfalfa root cortical cells after inoculation with Rhizobium or purified Nod factors, we show that the susceptibility of inner cortical cells to Rhizobium is not conferred by an arrest at the G2 phase and that the majority of the dividing cells are arrested at the G0/G1 phase. Furthermore, the outer cortical cells forming a preinfection thread enter the cell cycle although they do not divide.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1993

The pea late nodulin gene PsNOD6 is homologous to the early nodulin genes PsENOD3/14 and is expressed after the leghaemoglobin genes.

The pea late nodulin gene PsNOD6 has been cloned and sequenced. PsNOD6 is homologous to the pea early nodulin genes PsNOD3 and PsENOD14. In situ hybridization experiments showed that, like the PsENOD3 and PsENOD14 genes, the PsNOD6 gene is only expressed in the infected cell type. The PsNOD6 gene is first expressed at the transition of the pre-fixation zone II into the interzone II-III (the amyloplast-rich zone preceding the fixation zone III), whereas the early nodulin genes PsENOD3 and PsENOD14 are already induced in the pre-fixation zone II. Thus these nodulin genes encoding homologous proteins are induced at consecutive stages of nodule development. The expression of the late nodulin genes encoding leghaemoglobin precedes the expression of the late nodulin gene PsNOD6. Therefore these late nodulin genes have to be regulated by different mechanisms despite the fact they are expressed in the same cell type. This conclusion is consistent with the fact that PsNOD6 lacks one of the conserved regions occurring in the promoters of all other late nodulin genes studied.

Amino Acid Sequence↗