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T Bronisch

Publications and source records attributed to T Bronisch.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2001

Reduced NAA in the thalamus and altered membrane and glial metabolism in schizophrenic patients detected by 1H-MRS and tissue segmentation.

Functional and structural abnormalities in the thalamus as well as a generalized phospholipid membrane disorder have been implicated in the pathogenesis of schizophrenic psychosis. To determine whether thalamic neuronal abnormalities and altered membrane-associated metabolites can be detected in schizophrenic patients, we used in vivo proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS) in 32 acutely-ill, medicated schizophrenic patients and 17 age-matched controls. Thalamic and white matter metabolite concentrations (myo-inositol (mI), choline-containing compounds (Cho), total creatine (Cr) and N-acetylaspartate (NAA)) were estimated and corrected for atrophy (CSF) and gray and white matter contributions (GM, WM) by use of image-based voxel segmentation. Thalamic NAA was significantly reduced in schizophrenic patients, whereas Cho and mI were significantly increased in the parietal white matter. White matter Cr was significantly elevated in patients and correlated positively with the brief psychiatric rating scores (BPRS). Regional metabolite levels were inversely associated with GM and WM content reaching significance for mI and Cr in the thalamus and Cho and NAA in the white matter. Reduced NAA in the left thalamus of schizophrenic patients confirms and extends previous spectroscopic data and agrees well with histologic and imaging findings of reduced neuronal density and volume. Elevated Cho in line with 31P-MRS studies suggests increased myelin degradation thus further supporting a generalized membrane disorder in schizophrenic patients. In addition, we demonstrate the need to correct metabolite concentrations for regional tissue composition in studies employing patients with altered brain morphology.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Gender differences in adolescents and young adults with suicidal behaviour.

OBJECTIVE: Gender differences in prevalence rates of suicide attempts and suicidal thoughts as well as in risk factors for suicide attempts such as traumatic events and mental disorders were investigated in a random sample of 3021 adolescents aged 14-24 years. METHOD: The M-CIDI (Composite International Diagnostic Interview) was used to survey suicidal behaviour, DSM-IV lifetime diagnoses and traumatic events. RESULTS: The female suicide attempters showed suicidal thoughts and suicide attempts significantly more often, and suicide attempts at a much younger age than the males. Furthermore, the females experienced sexual abuse much more often, and suffered significantly more often from anxiety disorders. The male suicide attempters showed higher rates of alcohol disorders and financial problems. CONCLUSION: A higher rate of anxiety in female suicide attempters results probably as a consequence of sexual abuse, which in turn makes them more vulnerable than males for attempting suicide between the age of 14-17.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

[Cholesterol, omega-3 fatty acids, and suicide risk: empirical evidence and pathophysiological hypotheses].

Studies in psychiatric patients described an association between lower serum cholesterol concentrations, suicidality, depression, impulsivity, and aggression which is not entirely attributable to depression-related malnutrition and weight-loss. Several lines of evidence suggest that a serotonergic deficit in the prefrontal cortex may predispose vulnerable subjects to impulsive, autoaggressive, and suicidal behaviour in stressful life-events. In-vitro studies, animal experiments, and human in-vivo studies support the hypothesis that cholesterol reduction may contribute to the serotonergic abnormalities which have been postulated in suicidal subjects. Recently it was hypothesized that decreased consumption of polyunsaturated fatty acids, especially omega-3 fatty acids, may be a risk factor for depression and suicide. Data from human studies in healthy volunteers suggest that increasing the dietary intake of omega-3 fatty acids may increase central serotonergic activity and reduce impulsive and aggressive behaviours. Earlier epidemiological studies showed an association between low cholesterol concentrations and increased suicide risk. Recent epidemiological studies with greater samples and longer follow-up periods, however, even showed a positive correlation between cholesterol concentrations and suicide risk after controlling for potential confounding variables. Large trials of statins (simvastatin, lovastatin, pravastatin) did not show an increase of suicide mortality.

Cholesterol↗
PubMed1999

[Transsexuality--a multidisciplinary problem. Which therapeutic methods proved to be successful?].

Transsexualism as a phenomenon clearly contrasts the common understandings of sexuality. This can lead to conflicts for the transsexual himself as well as for those being confronted. Medical care and legislative offer some assistance for patients, which has been proofed as suitable and helpful. These strategies have not been developed by a theoretical approach but pragmatically and can still be further improved. To be able to receive a higher acceptance of this phenomenon in society and to achieve concrete improvement of the patient's personal situation the challenge still exists to understand mechanisms underlying the transsexual experience.

Female↗
PubMed1999

[Neurobiological correlates of suicidal behavior].

Studies in postmortem brain tissue from suicide victims show a presynaptic serotonergic deficit resulting in compensatory upregulation of postsynaptic 5-HT2 receptors in the prefrontal cortex. Reduced levels of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid, the major serotonin metabolite, are associated with violent suicide attempts independent of psychiatric diagnosis and predict future suicide attempts and suicide completion, consistent with the notion of a biochemical trait. Neuroendocrine challenge tests, platelet studies and a polymorphism in the gene for tryptophan hydroxylase, the rate-limiting enzyme in the biosynthesis of serotonin, suggest that serotonergic activity may be reduced. This serotonergic abnormality might be related to the vulnerability or diathesis for suicidal behaviour by predisposing individuals to impulsive and autoaggressive behaviour. The hypothesis of hyperactivity of the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis (HPA) is supported by the postmortem findings of increased CSF corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) concentrations and reduced CRH receptor binding sites in the frontal cortex of suicide victims (interpreted as downregulation following CRH hypersecretion) and dexamethasone nonsuppression in suicide attempters. Animal studies and in vitro experiments indicate that the HPA system modulates serotonergic activity. It is hypothesized that the serotonergic alterations potentially result from dysregulation of the HPA system. Data from epidemiological and clinical studies demonstrate that low levels of cholesterol are associated with increased suicide risk. In neuronal membranes cholesterol modulates presynaptic and postsynaptic serotonergic neurotransmission. In monkeys dietary cholesterol lowering inhibits central serotonergic activity and predisposes the animals to impulsive and aggressive behaviour. It is speculated that dysregulation of the HPA system and disordered cholesterol metabolism could enhance the serotonergic deficit, thus contributing to a neurobiological vulnerability or diathesis for impulsive and autoaggressive behaviour.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

[Social medicine expert assessment of post-traumatic stress disorder].

The concept of a posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has become important for psychiatric diagnosis and research, particularly following US-american studies on Vietnam war veterans. Recently, studies on traindrivers involved in suicide accidents have shown symptoms of anxiety and depression in more than 30% of concerned drivers and typical symptoms of a PTSD in 15%. Here, we present the case of a traindriver who was involved in 6 suicide accidents within 17 years of traindriving (the average is 2 suicide accidents). Following the 3rd accident, the driver developed increasingly symptoms like anxiety, sleep disturbances, flashbacks and irritability. Following the 6th accident, he has been unable to work. A former expert opinion saw no relationship between the symptoms of the driver and the suicide accidents. Therefore, further information about the concept of a PTSD seems necessary to ensure early psychotherapeutic and pharmacological treatment of patients with such a disorder.

Accidents, Traffic↗
PubMed1998

Comorbidity patterns in adolescents and young adults with suicide attempts.

The role of comorbidity as a risk for suicide attempts is investigated in a random sample of 3021 young adults aged 14-24 years. The M-CIDI, a fully standardized and modified version of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview, was used for the assessment of various DSM-IV lifetime and 12-month diagnoses as well as suicidal ideation and suicide attempts. Of all suicide attempters, 91% had at least one mental disorder, 79% were comorbid or multimorbid respectively and 45% had four or more diagnoses (only 5% in the total sample reached such high levels of comorbidity). Suicide attempters with more than three diagnoses were 18 times more likely (OR = 18.4) to attempt suicide than subjects with no diagnosis. Regarding specific diagnoses, multivariate comorbidity analyses indicated the highest risk for suicide attempt in those suffering from anxiety disorder (OR = 4.3), particularly posttraumatic stress disorder followed by substance disorder (OR = 2.2) and depressive disorder (OR = 2.1). Comorbidity, especially when anxiety disorders are involved, increases the risk for suicide attempts considerably more than any other individual DSM-IV diagnoses.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

The modern assessment of personality disorders. Part 1: definition and typology of personality disorders.

The general definition of personality disorders (PD) has found agreement in many classification systems and has remained relatively stable over many decades. However, a closer look at the history of the classification of various PD reveals that there are changes from generation to generation: a continuous variation in our cultural norms means that some types are 'renormalised' from time to time and that others are added. On the other hand, a comparison of the descriptions and classifications of PD by Schneider, the DSM and ICD systems shows substantial agreement on many types of PD.

Cultural Characteristics↗
PubMed1997

Pre-morbid psychometric profile of subjects at high familial risk for affective disorder.

BACKGROUND: Recent observations indicate that a certain pre-morbid personality profile ('autonomic lability', i.e. elevated neuroticism, frequent somatic complaints and increased interpersonal sensitivity) appears to be a valid antecedent of major depression. However, most of these prospective studies used samples drawn from the general population, which limits the power of any observed differences between subjects who developed a depressive disorder during the follow-up period and those who did not. METHODS: We investigated the psychometric profile of 54 high-risk probands (aged between 18 years and 45 years) without a current or lifetime diagnosis of any psychiatric disorder, but who had first-degree relatives with an affective disorder according to DSM-III-R criteria. Twenty-two control probands, matched for age and gender and without any personal or family history of psychiatric disorders, served as the reference group. RESULTS: As a group, the high-risk probands scored higher than the controls on scales that assessed neuroticism, rigidity, depressive cognitions, vegetative lability and stress. With an individual-orientated approach (cluster analysis), 30 high-risk probands were identified as conspicuous, characterized by elevated rigidity and increased 'autonomic lability'. The remaining 24 high-risk probands showed a psychometric profile very similar to that of the controls. CONCLUSIONS: The present findings in 54 probands at high risk for affective disorders not only strongly underline the assumption that the personality trait 'autonomic lability' is a valid antecedent of at least major depression, but also add the personality trait 'rigidity' as a further and potential candidate for a true vulnerability marker for affective disorders.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

[Post-traumatic stress disorder. New research findings].

This article reviews recent research results on posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Epidemiological studies show that PTSD is a common disorder within the normal population with a high degree of chronic courses. Degree of severity as well as dissociative symptoms during the traumatic event seem to have an impact on course and outcome of PTSD. A genetic disposition, familial psychopathology and premorbid personality traits as background variables seem to have an influence on the development of PTSD whereas coping strategies, as well as social support, modify the course of the disease. The investigation of biological parameters refers to the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal-axis system, provocation studies, psychophysiological studies, and studies of the endogenous opiate system. In regard to therapy studies only those with a randomised allocation to two different therapies as well as with a control group without therapy or a waiting list group are considered, using the DSM-III or DSM-III-R diagnostic criteria for PtSD. Five pharmacological studies could show a positive effect by antidepressants. Six behaviour therapy studies (two systematic desensitisation and four flioding) produced an improvement of PTSD symptomatology. The pathogenetic models discussed here are memory imprinting, kindling, dysregulation of the opioid neuromodulation, classical conditioning and disturbed cognitive schemas, which reflect as single models only a facet of the pathogenesis.

Humans↗
PubMed1996

The typology of personality disorders--diagnostic problems and their relevance for suicidal behavior.

Personality disorders (PD) play an important role in clinical psychiatry. The typologies of personality disorders (PDs) found in different classification systems, such as the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) and the International Classification of Diseases (ICD), are quite congruent. There are many methodological problems with reliability and validity of the diagnosis of PD. However, having a typology seems to be very helpful. Recent psychological autopsy studies reported that about one third of suicide victims met the criteria for a PD. Antisocial PD, borderline PD, narcissistic PD, and depressive PD in particular were often clinically associated with suicidal behavior.

Humans↗
PubMed1995

[Suicidal behavior in extreme stress].

Suicidality under extreme life circumstances is a poorly researched area. However, suicidal behaviour could be better understood by looking at extreme conditions such as the life of internees in German concentration camps. Former inmates of different German concentration camps reported on a low suicide rate in contrast to a high rate of suicide ideas. Reasons for such a low suicide rate are discussed.

Concentration Camps↗
PubMed1994

Suicidal ideation and suicide attempts: comorbidity with depression, anxiety disorders, and substance abuse disorder.

The effect of comorbidity on rates of suicidal ideation and suicide attempts from an adult general population of former West Germany is investigated. The assessment instrument is a modified German version of the Diagnostic Interview Schedule (DIS), a fully standardized interview for the assessment of selected DSM-III lifetime diagnoses as well as suicidal ideation and suicide attempts. Of the general population 4.1% (2.2% male and 4.1% female) made suicide attempts during their lifetime. Only 2 of 18 people who attempted suicide did not meet criteria for a DSM-III-R diagnosis. Cases with pure major depression did not have an odds ratio for suicide attempts significantly higher than subjects with no DSM-III diagnosis. However, cases with both a major depression and a lifetime-anxiety-disorder diagnosis showed significantly elevated odds ratios. Therefore, it is suggested that comorbidity of anxiety and depression, and not depression itself, seems to be a risk factor for suicide attempts.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Comparison of a diagnostic checklist with a structured interview for the assessment of DSM-III-R and ICD-10 personality disorders.

The International Diagnostic Checklists for the assessment of the DSM-III-R and ICD-10 personality disorders (IDCL-P) were compared with a structured interview, the International Personality Disorder Examination (IPDE), using a balanced test-retest design with forty psychiatric inpatients. The results, using pairwise kappa for the calculation of agreement, were as follows: any personality disorder versus no personality disorder 0.52 for DSM-III-R diagnoses and 0.75 for ICD-10 diagnoses. The range for the single personality disorders diagnosed at least five times was from -0.07 to 0.71 for DSM-III-R diagnoses and from 0.38 to 0.68 for ICD-10 diagnoses. Only for DSM-III-R diagnoses do figures exist from three other studies comparing two structured interviews with each other. The results of all four studies suggest that 60% of the variance in personality disorder diagnoses represents variance not attributable to the patients, which is scientifically unacceptable.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Routine psychiatric examinations guided by ICD-10 diagnostic checklists (International Diagnostic Checklists).

A systematic assessment of psychiatric diagnoses according to the new classification system ICD-10 can be guided and enhanced by the International Diagnostic Checklists (IDCL). This instrument was developed and evaluated primarily for use in routine clinical care. It consists of 30 separate lists in pocket form, each assigned to a specific disorder and allowing immediate and operationalized diagnostic decisions (without the need of computer assistance). Personality disorders are covered by a separate 12-page booklet (IDCL-P). Examples of the checklists are given together with possible areas of application. First studies have indicated good clinical practicability and satisfactory to excellent diagnostic reliability.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Comparison of a self-rating questionnaire with a diagnostic checklist for the assessment of DSM-III-R personality disorders.

Two instruments for the assessment of the DSM-III-R personality disorders were compared: The Personality Disorders Questionnaire--Revised (PDQ-R) and the Munich Diagnostic Checklist for the assessment of DSM-III-R Personality Disorders (MDCL-P). Using kappa value as a measure of agreement, the diagnostic agreement was less than 0.40 for personality disorder vs. no personality disorder as well as for the specific personality disorders. The PDQ-R diagnosed more frequently personality disorders (58%) than did the MDCL-P (43%).

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Prospective long-term follow-up of depressed patients with and without suicide attempts.

This 4-6-year prospective follow-up study compared reactive depressives with (n = 48) and without suicide attempts before index admission (n = 24). Both groups showed a favourable course and outcome concerning psychiatric diagnoses (DSM-III), psychopathology, social integration, and social functioning as well as displaying a nearly identical course and outcome. In both groups, two patients committed suicide attempts during the follow-up period. 2 (1) male patients from the group with suicide attempts committed suicide.

Adjustment Disorders↗