Biomedical subjects

T C Arnot

Publications and source records attributed to T C Arnot.

3 recordsLinked to original sources

PubMed2006

Biofuel cells and their development.

This review considers the literature published since 1994 on microbial and enzymatic biofuel cells. Types of biofuel cell are classified according to the nature of the electrode reaction and the nature of the biochemical reactions. The performance of fuel cells is critically reviewed and a variety of possible applications is considered. The current direction of development of biofuel cells is carefully analysed. While considerable chemical development of enzyme electrodes has occurred, relatively little progress has been made towards the engineering development biofuel cells. The limit of performance of biofuel cells is highlighted and suggestions for future research directions are provided.

Bacteria↗

PubMed2003

Membrane bioreactors for treating waste streams.

Membrane bioreactors (MBRs) have a number of advantages for treating wastewater containing large quantities of BOD. This paper reviews the inherent advantages of an MBR, which include high potential biomass loadings, lower sludge yields, and retention of specialized organisms that may not settle well in clarifiers. A major problem in effluent treatment occurs when mixed inorganic and organic wastes occur with high concentrations of pollutants. Inorganics that might cause extremes of pH and/or salinity will inhibit microbial growth and only specialized organisms can survive under these conditions. Refractory organics are only biodegraded with difficulty by specialized organisms, which usually do not resist the extreme inorganic environments. The use of membrane bioreactors to help separate the micro-organisms from the inorganic compounds, yet permit the organics to permeate, has been developed in two different designs that are outlined in this paper. The use of membrane contactors in a multimembrane stripping system to treat acidic chlorinated wastes is proposed and discussed.

Biomass↗

PubMed2003

Turnup turndown of membrane operation of membrane bioreactors.

Membrane bioreactors can be operated with intermittent permeation and continuous aeration. Aeration close to the surface of a submerged membrane helps to maintain a membrane surface that is free from fouling. The conditions under which this occurs depend on the interaction between flux and aeration rate. Increased flux is possible without severe fouling if the aeration rate is increased. Results of performing membrane operation under the dual intermittency of aeration rate and permeation rate, with permeation also interrupted on a regular cycle, are presented. The results show that membrane plants designed for optimal operation at moderate flux can survive effectively with higher flux operation for restricted periods. Designing to account for such effects could reduce overall plant costs.

Chemistry Techniques, Analytical↗