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Biomedical subjects

T C Manschreck

Publications and source records attributed to T C Manschreck.

At least 55 records · Page 3Linked to original sources
PubMed1981

Formal thought disorder, the type-token ratio and disturbed voluntary motor movement in schizophrenia.

Little work has been done to determine objective, reliable differences in formal characteristics of the actual utterances of thought-disordered and non-thought-disordered subjects. The type-token ratio (TTR), a quantitative measure of repetition in language, correlated highly with clinical judgments of thought disorder when spoken language was examined, and statistically differentiated thought-disordered from non-thought-disordered schizophrenics and psychiatric and normal controls. Elicited and spontaneous motor abnormalities were associated with reduced TTRs both in schizophrenics and in affective subjects with motor disturbance. The TTR is a reliable, objective indicator of language deviance and thought disorder, and strongly associated with motor disturbances.

Adult↗
PubMed1980

Contextual constraint and the recall of verbal material in schizophrenia: the effect of thought disorder.

Some research indicates that thought-disordered schizophrenics produce language utterances that are less predictable than those of non-thought-disordered schizophrenics and controls. We examined the hypothesis that thought-disordered schizophrenics would have a parallel deficiency in the ability to use the predictabilities provided by contextual constraint to improve recall of heard language passages. Subjects were seventeen schizophrenics, ten normal controls, and twelve psychiatric controls, evaluated by standardized psychiatric interview and diagnosed according to research criteria. The data obtained supported the hypothesis and non-thought-disordered schizophrenics performed similarly to controls in the experimental task. Failure to classify schizophrenic subjects on the dimension of though disorder may result in misleading comparisons of general samples of schizophrenics with controls on tasks requiring language perception and production.

Affective Symptoms↗
PubMed1980

Utility of electromyographic biological feedback in chronic stuttering: a clinical study with follow-up.

A systematic case study is presented in which eight chronic adult stutterers underwent an electromyographic (EMG) biological feedback training program designed to reduce masseter muscle tension in an effort to improve fluency. All subjects mastered the program within 10 30-min. sessions. Measures of muscle tension and fluency indicated improvement at the end of treatment that were maintained at 3- to 6-mo. follow-up.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

Psychiatry's identity crisis: a critical rational remedy.

Psychiatry has several partial identities reflecting its biologic, psychoanalytic, and social subspecialities. It has, however, no encompassing professional identity. This identity requires three features: (a) a common language and procedure for assessing psychopathology, (b) a common method for evaluation and use of knowledge from outside psychiatry, and (c) a common set of values regarding clinical and research activities. The authors discuss the clinical, biologic, and sociocultural psychiatric traditions to identify the roots and consequences of psychiatry's fragmented state. Psychiatry's identity problems cannot be solved by ignoring them or simply becoming more "medical." Rather, the authors propose a remedy--critical rationality--to help resolve the crisis. Critical rationality requires a discimplined approach to psychiatric knowledge that underscores the necessity of methodologic rigor, practicality, and mid-range theorizing (rationality); and the equal necessity for systematic self-criticism, reform, self-awareness, and attention to the ethical dimensions in teaching, practice, and research (critical).

Cultural Characteristics↗
PubMed1979

The predictability of thought disordered speech in schizophrenic patients.

Previous research has resulted in inconsistent findings regarding the predictability of schizophrenic speech samples. It was hypothesized that the predictability of schizophrenic speech varies as a function of clinically manifest thought disorder. In an experiment based on the Cloze procedure, raters were asked to predict ten passages of schizophrenic speech and eight passages of normal speech under conditions of fourth- and fifth-word deletion. Differences emerged between the samples only for the fifth-word deletion procedure. When the schizophrenic samples were grouped according to the presence of thought disorder, thought-disordered speech was significantly less predictable than normal and non-thought disordered schizophrenic speech. Furthermore, non-thought-disordered schizophrenic speech was no less predictable than normal speech. It is concluded that schizophrenia should be more carefully defined and that thought disorder should be routinely assessed in future investigations.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

Renal damage associated with long term use of lithium carbonate.

The authors report 2 cases of renal damage associated with lithium carbonate treatment. The relevant literature is reviewed and supports the claim that the lithium ion may be nephrotoxic. The article concludes with practical recommendations for clinical practice until futher evidence regarding this association is available.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

The paranoid syndrome.

Paranoid characteristics often prompt the diagnosis of schizophrenia. This paper advises a cautious diagnostic approach aimed at increased awareness of the many and potentially serious illnesses that may present with paranoid features.

Affective Symptoms↗
PubMed1978

The atypical psychoses.

The psychiatric literature contains numerous accounts of psychoses found worldwide that do not fit classic definitions of schizophrenia, manic-depression, or organic brain syndrome. These vaguely defined 'atypical psychoses' are under scrutiny because of growing knowledge and more rigorous methodology in descriptive and cross-cultural psychiatry. The authors trace the history of atypical psychosis concepts from the contributions of Kraepelin, Jaspers, and Freud to contemporary European and Anglo-American viewpoints. Studies of the atypical psychoses are reviewed in the light of current validation methods in psychiatry. Several methodologic problems plague this area: inadequate definitions, etiologic prejudice, poor premorbid and follow-up assessment, as well as certain naive notions about psychopathology in different cultures. Consequently, knowledge of atypical psychosis is limited and largely impractical. The authors suggest several possibilities for interpreting present and future evidence about these disorders and certain strategies for future studies.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Freebase cocaine and memory.

Despite the seriousness of acute medical and psychological consequences of cocaine abuse, little knowledge exists about the chronic effects of the drug. Investigation of a sample of abstinent freebase (crack) abusers in the Bahamas provides the first research evidence that prolonged cocaine abuse may result in persistent short-term memory disturbances.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Semantic priming in thought disordered schizophrenic patients.

Groups of thought disordered (TD) and non-thought disordered (NTD) schizophrenic patients, unipolar affective patients and normal controls performed a lexical decision task involving the recognition of words immediately preceded (primed) by either an associated or an unrelated word. Significant increments in recognition speed in the associated prime condition were found in all groups, with significantly greater gain by TD schizophrenics than by others. These findings are consistent with network models of associational activation and lend support to an attentional deficit hypothesis for schizophrenic language functioning.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Reduced primacy and related features in schizophrenia.

Subtle memory disturbances are widely reported in schizophrenia. We investigated one such disturbance, reduced primacy in serial position recall among 20 schizophrenic patients, 20 depressed patients, and 20 normal controls. The main finding is that schizophrenic subjects show reduced primacy and middle position performance, but are able to match the recency recall of controls. We further demonstrate that primacy performance is associated with another memory anomaly frequently noted in schizophrenia, decreased context associated gain in recall. Among schizophrenic subjects, primacy performance is also related to increased repetition in speech, a feature associated with formal thought disorder in schizophrenia. These observations suggest that memory deviances and disordered speech may have a common pathogenesis.

Antipsychotic Agents↗