Biomedical subjects

T Eissenberg

Publications and source records attributed to T Eissenberg.

35 records · Page 2Linked to original sources

PubMed2000

Preliminary evaluation of a novel smoking system: effects on subjective and physiological measures and on smoking behavior.

Tobacco companies are responding to public pressure to market less dangerous and aversive products by developing novel smoking systems. The short- and long-term effects of these systems must be evaluated to determine the risks inherent in their use. One such system, the Accord, uses a hand-held device to heat tobacco electronically and is marketed as a means to reduce second-hand smoke. In this study 10 cigarette smokers (> or = 10 cigarettes per day) were recruited to evaluate the short-term effects produced when using this system. Subjects abstained from smoking for at least 8 h before participating in two experimental sessions where they smoked either their usual brand or used the Accord at 30-min intervals for 2 hours. Subject-rated measures of tobacco withdrawal and craving, physiological measures, and smoking behavior were assessed within each session. Results show that, when using the Accord, the magnitude of smoking-induced craving reductions and the physiological effects of smoking were less, and puff volume and frequency were greater than when subjects smoked their own brand of cigarettes. The expired air carbon monoxide increases observed after smoking own brand cigarettes did not occur after using the Accord. The novel system does not provide maximal withdrawal suppression and produces little increase in expired air carbon monoxide; physiological data suggest that the novel system may deliver nicotine less efficiently than normally marketed cigarettes. Smokers using the Accord system may smoke more often or more intensely to compensate for decreased withdrawal suppression and/or nicotine delivery.

Adult↗

PubMed2000

Placebo control study of acute smokeless tobacco abstinence in young adult men.

Tobacco use can lead to dependence, as indicated by withdrawal symptomatology during abstinence. In smokers, nicotine-free cigarettes suppress tobacco withdrawal, suggesting that non-nicotine stimuli may be relevant to tobacco dependence. This study examined non-nicotine factors in smokeless tobacco (SLT) withdrawal. SLT users used their own brand of SLT, nicotine-free SLT, or no SLT hourly in 3 approximately 4.5-hr sessions. Participant-rated measures of craving and desire to use SLT were elevated in the abstinence condition relative to the own-brand and nicotine-free conditions. Heart rate was significantly elevated in sessions in which participants' own brand was administered relative to the nicotine-free and abstinence conditions. These results support the notion that stimuli associated with tobacco use may have some withdrawal suppressing qualities, at least in the short term.

Adult↗

PubMed1999

Smokers' sex and the effects of tobacco cigarettes: subject-rated and physiological measures.

Smoking tobacco cigarettes results in characteristic subject-rated and physiological effects in regular tobacco smokers. Few reports have investigated potential sex differences in the physiological and subjective effects produced by tobacco smoking, though previous reports indicate that men and women differ in their tobacco smoking behavior. Sex differences in the subjective and/or physiological effects of smoking may help determine why women find quitting smoking more difficult than men and may help guide gender-specific treatment when planning smoking cessation. This laboratory study investigated sex differences in the subjective and physiological effects of cigarette smoking and smoking behavior in men (n = 38) and women (n = 30) before, during, and after they smoked two of their usual brand of cigarettes through a flowmeter-type puff topography measurement device. Results showed that the reduction in 'desire to smoke' produced by cigarette smoking was greater in women than in men, that the physiological effects of smoking were independent of smokers' sex, and that women take smaller and shorter puffs than men. These results suggest that women may be more sensitive than men to some of the subjective but not the physiological effects of smoking.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1999

Relative potency of levo-alpha-acetylmethadol and methadone in humans under acute dosing conditions.

levo-alpha-Acetylmethadol (LAAM) and methadone are full mu-opioid agonists used to treat opioid dependence. Current labeling indicates that LAAM is less potent than methadone. Clinical studies have not determined the relative potency of these drugs. This study compared the effects of acute doses of LAAM and methadone and also examined the ability of naloxone to reverse their effects. Five occasional opioid users received once weekly doses of either placebo, LAAM, or methadone (15, 30, or 60 mg/70 kg p.o.) in agonist exposure sessions and then received naloxone (1.0 mg/70 kg i.m.) 24, 72, and 144 h after agonist exposure. Subject-rated, observer-rated, and physiological measures were assessed regularly. Comparisons of physiological and subjective measures collected in agonist exposure sessions indicate that LAAM is not less potent than methadone under acute dosing conditions. For some measures, LAAM was significantly more potent. Three subjects who entered the study were withdrawn for safety reasons due to greater than anticipated and clinically relevant respiratory depression after receiving 60 mg of LAAM. Naloxone did not fully reverse the pupil constriction produced by 60 mg of LAAM. Acute agonist effects suggest that LAAM may be more potent than methadone and more potent than current labeling indicates. An accurate LAAM:methadone relative potency estimate will aid determination of adequate doses for opioid-dependent patients inducted onto LAAM and for methadone maintenance patients who choose to switch to more convenient thrice-weekly LAAM.

Adult↗

PubMed1998

Induction with levomethadyl acetate: safety and efficacy.

BACKGROUND: Levomethadyl acetate hydrochloride (known as LAAM) is a mu-opioid agonist approved for the treatment of opioid dependence. Clinical trials comparing LAAM and methadone have reported lower patient retention rates during LAAM induction; however, this may reflect dose and schedule differences. Few studies have systematically examined LAAM dose induction. This study compared induction with 3 different LAAM dosage levels. METHODS: In a randomized, double-blind trial, male and female opioid-dependent patients (N = 180) were assigned to 1 of 3 LAAM doses. The low-dose (25 mg) induction was constant from the onset of treatment, the medium-dose (50 mg) induction lasted 7 days, and the high-dose (100 mg) induction lasted 17 days. Safety and efficacy were assessed on retention, urinalysis and self-reported drug use, symptoms, and patient ratings of medication adequacy. RESULTS: The high-dose group had significantly fewer illicit opioid-positive urine samples in weeks 3 and 4 as compared with the low-dose group. The high-dose group had significantly lower self-reported heroin craving in weeks 2 and 3. All groups demonstrated significant decreases in illicit drug use, withdrawal symptoms, and depression. There were no between-group differences in retention; however, there was a trend (P = .08) for lower retention and a greater number of agonist adverse effects were observed in the high-dose group. Overall, LAAM doses were well tolerated by most patients. CONCLUSION: Induction with low and medium LAAM doses can be safely and effectively achieved within 7 days. Induction with higher LAAM doses can be safely achieved within 17 days, but may result in greater rates of patient dropout and opioid agonist adverse effects. Therefore, higher doses should be approached more slowly.

Adult↗

PubMed1997

Dose-related efficacy of levomethadyl acetate for treatment of opioid dependence. A randomized clinical trial.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the clinical efficacy of different doses of levomethadyl acetate hydrochloride (known as LAAM) in the treatment of opioid dependence. DESIGN: A randomized controlled, double-blind, parallel group, 17-week study. SETTING: Outpatient facilities at Johns Hopkins University Bayview Medical Center, Baltimore, Md. PATIENTS: Opioid-dependent volunteers (N=180) applying to a treatment-research clinic. INTERVENTION: Thrice-weekly (Monday/Wednesday/Friday) oral LAAM dose conditions of 25/25/35 mg, 50/50/70 mg, and 100/100/140 mg and nonmandatory counseling. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Retention in treatment, self-reported heroin use, and opioid-positive urine specimens. RESULTS: Retention was independent of subjects' sex and dose. Self-reported heroin use decreased in a dose-related manner. At final assessment, patients in the high-dose condition reported using heroin 2.5 of 30 days as compared with 4.1 or 6.3 days for patients in the medium-dose and low-dose conditions, respectively (high dose vs low dose, P<.05); urinalysis results were similarly dose related. Overall, 20 (34%) of 59 patients in the high-dose condition remained opioid-abstinent for 4 consecutive weeks, as compared with 8 (14%) of 59 in the medium-dose and 7 (11%) of 62 in the low-dose conditions (P<.01). Self-report and urinalysis data are consistent with a greater than 90% reduction in illicit opioid use by the high-dose group relative to pretreatment levels. CONCLUSION: Opioid substitution treatment with LAAM substantially reduces illicit opioid use. The clinical efficacy of LAAM is positively related to dose.

Adult↗

PubMed1997

Controlled opioid withdrawal evaluation during 72 h dose omission in buprenorphine-maintained patients.

Buprenorphine's clinical utility as an opioid dependence pharmacotherapy may be enhanced with less-than-daily dosing. This study assessed opioid withdrawal after an acute 72 h dose omission in buprenorphine-maintained patients (8 mg/day s.l.). Eight outpatients required to remain free of opioids, cocaine and benzodiazepines completed four double-blind, double-dummy, Latin-square ordered conditions. Test conditions of 8 or 16 mg s.l. buprenorphine were followed by 2 days of placebo dosing. Control conditions were buprenorphine maintenance (8 mg/day), to provide a reference for evaluation of placebo test days and naloxone administration (10 mg 70 kg i.m.) during 8 mg buprenorphine maintenance to assess withdrawal measure sensitivity. Subjective measures and pupil diameter were significantly influenced only by naloxone. The lack of subjective symptoms and physiological signs of opioid withdrawal during 72 h of acute dose omission supports the feasibility of less-than-daily dosing at buprenorphine doses of 8 mg/day in patients who have demonstrated an ability to remain drug-free for an extended period.

Adult↗

PubMed1997

Human drug discrimination and multiple chemical sensitivity: caffeine exposure as an experimental model.

Multiple chemical sensitivity is a controversial diagnosis. Rigorous, controlled, laboratory-based research can reduce this controversy and lead to potential clinical confirmatory tests. The literature on human caffeine discrimination provides a rigorous methodology that can address reports that patients who suffer multiple chemical sensitivity (MCS) are sensitive to usually well-tolerated chemical doses; the studies require patients to discriminate caffeine from placebo under double-blind conditions. Several issues relevant to the conduct of caffeine discrimination studies using MCS patients as subjects are addressed; these issues include study design, determination of safe and tolerable training doses, and discrimination training. Such research will benefit patients and clinicians dealing with a diagnosis of MCS.

Caffeine↗

PubMed1997

Isoluminance and contingent color aftereffects.

In the typical induction of the orientation-contingent color aftereffect (CCAE), the stimuli are composed of elements that differ in both color and luminance. Three experiments are reported that show that chromatic contrast between stimulus elements is insufficient for the induction of the orientation-CCAE and that luminance contrast is necessary. These experiments expand on previous research concerned with the role of luminance contrast in the induction of orientation-CCAEs by eliminating alternative explanations.

Adult↗

PubMed1996

Mecamylamine does not precipitate withdrawal in cigarette smokers.

Mecamylamine is an antihypertensive that acts via nicotinic antagonism and has been suggested as an aid in smoking cessation. Nicotine dependent patients may not accept mecamylamine if it precipitates withdrawal, as it does in nicotine dependent rats. This study examined mecamylamine's effects using procedures designed to measure precipitated withdrawal symptoms in humans. Ten cigarette smokers (mean of 37.5 cigarettes/day) and ten non tobacco-using subjects participated in three 6-h sessions. After a 2-h baseline period in which smokers smoked one cigarette every 30 min, oral mecamylamine (0, 10, or 20 mg randomly ordered across sessions) was administered (double-blind). No smoking was allowed for the remainder of the session. Mecamylamine reduced blood pressure and increased heart rate relative to placebo in both the smokers and the non-tobacco users. No reliable direct subjective effects of mecamylamine were observed. Smokers' subjective reports of cigarette craving and tobacco withdrawal increased, and DSST performance was disrupted over the last 4 h of each session. Effects were independent of dose (placebo versus active). These results suggest that up to 20 mg mecamylamine will not precipitate nicotine withdrawal and that this medication would be acceptable for use in smoking cessation.

Adult↗

PubMed1996

Buprenorphine's physical dependence potential: antagonist-precipitated withdrawal in humans.

Buprenorphine is a partial mu opioid agonist with demonstrated efficacy in the treatment of opioid dependence. One potential advantage of buprenorphine over full mu opioid agonists is its reported low physical dependence profile. This study systematically examined physical dependence produced by maintenance with a clinically relevant dose of buprenorphine using antagonist challenge procedures. In this residential laboratory study, eight opioid-dependent volunteers maintained on 8 mg/day of sublingual buprenorphine were each challenged on independent occasions with placebo, i.m. naloxone (0.3, 1.0, 3.0 and 10.0 mg/70 kg) and p.o. naltrexone (0.3, 1.0 and 3.0 mg/70 kg) 14 hr after their daily buprenorphine dose using a repeated measures, cross-over design. Both naloxone and naltrexone precipitated time- and dose-dependent withdrawal, as evidenced by changes in subject-rated, observer-rated and physiological measures. Significant precipitated withdrawal occurred at 3.0 and 10 mg/70 kg i.m. of naloxone and 3.0 mg/70 kg p.o. of naltrexone. These results indicate that buprenorphine maintenance produces physical dependence and that i.m. naloxone and p.o. naltrexone produce equivalent effects in withdrawal precipitation under these conditions. Findings have implications for selection of antagonist doses for use in formulating combination agonist/antagonist medications and for use in transition of drug abusers from buprenorphine to antagonist maintenance therapies.

Adult↗

PubMed1995

A placebo controlled clinical trial of buprenorphine as a treatment for opioid dependence.

Large-scale placebo controlled clinical trials assessing the efficacy of medications for the treatment of drug dependence have generally been limited to alcohol, cocaine and nicotine dependent populations. The purpose of the present study was to assess the early (1-2 week) clinical effectiveness of buprenorphine versus placebo in an opioid dependent population. The study used a parallel-group design with a behavioral choice component to compare buprenorphine (a mu-opioid partial agonist) to placebo for the treatment of opioid dependence. Opioid dependent volunteer patients participated in a 14-day study to assess the effectiveness and patient acceptance of this new pharmacotherapy for the treatment of opioid dependence. Patients were randomly assigned to placebo (n = 60) or 2 mg (n = 60) or 8 mg (n = 30) daily sublingual buprenorphine. All doses were administered double-blind. On days 6-13 all patients could request a dose change, knowing that their new dose would be randomly chosen from the remaining 2 alternatives. Compared to placebo, patients given buprenorphine (independent of dose) showed greater time on initial dose, requested fewer dose changes, used less illicit opioids (assessed by urinalysis), and rated dose adequacy higher. These results demonstrate that a placebo controlled study with a behavioral choice component is an effective means of assessing the potential efficacy and acceptability of new pharmacotherapies for opioid dependence.

Administration, Sublingual↗

PubMed1995

Buprenorphine treatment of opioid dependence: clinical trial of daily versus alternate-day dosing.

Buprenorphine, a mu-opioid partial agonist, has demonstrated efficacy for the treatment of opioid dependence comparable to that of methadone. The clinical utility of buprenorphine would be enhanced if it could be dosed on a less than daily basis. The current study is a parallel-group outpatient clinical trial of daily versus alternate-day dosing with 8 mg sublingual (s.l.) buprenorphine. Participants were randomly assigned to daily (n = 51) or alternate-day (n = 48) schedules of active medication administration for an 11-week double-blind trial. Patients assigned to alternate-day buprenorphine received placebo every other day. Primary outcome measures were retention in treatment and urine specimens positive for opiates. Clinic attendance, dose adequacy ratings, withdrawal symptomatology, and urine specimens positive for cocaine were secondary outcome measures. Neither endpoint analysis with the intent-to-treat sample nor time course analysis with treatment completers revealed any statistically significant differences between the dosing schedules on any outcome measure. Examination of 95% confidence intervals suggested a non-significant trend for the daily dosing schedule to have superior clinical efficacy at the dose tested. Nevertheless, these results are generally consistent with previous studies of less than daily dosing with buprenorphine and support the conclusion that an alternate-day dosing schedule can be effective in and acceptable to a substantial portion of patients.

Adult↗

PubMed1995

An associative interpretation of the indirect McCollough effect.

Following an induction procedure in which a coloured grid is alternated with a square of a complementary colour, subjects report colour after-effects on both the grid orientation present during induction and the orthogonal non-induced grid orientation. The after-effect reported on the induced grid orientation is called the McCollough effect (ME). The after-effect reported on the non-induced grid orientation is called the indirect ME. There is evidence that the ME represents an instance of Pavlovian conditioning. The present results support a conditioning interpretation of the indirect ME and are inconsistent with interpretations of the indirect ME that attribute the phenomenon to special orthogonal coding mechanisms within the visual system.

Adult↗

PubMed1994

Scanning and form-contingent color aftereffects.

G. K. Humphrey, A. M. Herbert, L. A. Symons, and S. Kara (1994) and J. Broerse and P. Grimbeek (1994) suggested that the form-contingent color aftereffect reported by S. Siegel, L. G. Allan, and T. Eissenberg (1992) would not be obtained if Ss were instructed to scan the induction and assessment forms. The authors present data from Ss who were instructed to scan the forms. These scanning Ss displayed aftereffects that were no different from those described earlier by Siegel et al. Scanning Ss do display spatiotopic contingent color aftereffects.

Color Perception↗

PubMed1992

The associative basis of contingent color aftereffects.

According to a conditioning analysis of the orientation-contingent color aftereffect (McCollough effect, ME), orientation stimulus (grids) become associated with color. Contrary to this interpretation are reports that simple forms cannot be used to elicit illusory color and that the ME is not degraded by decreasing the grid-color correlation. The present results indicate: (a) Form stimuli can contingently elicit color aftereffects; (b) even a non-patterned stimulus--the lightness of a frame surrounding a colored area--can contingently elicit color aftereffects; (c) this frame lightness-contingent aftereffect, like the ME, persists for at least 24 hr; and (d) the frame lightness-contingent aftereffect can be used to demonstrate that correlational manipulations affect the ME, as they affect other types of conditional responses.

Adult↗

PubMed1990

Spatial contingency and the McCollough effect.

On the basis of a conditioning analysis of the orientation-contingent color aftereffect (McCollough effect, ME), orientation stimuli become associated with simultaneously presented chromatic stimuli. This account suggests that decreasing the contingency between the grid orientation and color should decrease the strength of the aftereffect. Results of previous research indicate that decreasing the temporal contingency (by presenting homogeneous chromatic stimuli between presentations of chromatic grids) does not decrease the ME. However, it has been suggested that the appropriate contingency-degradation procedure would involve decreasing spatial (rather than temporal) contingency. That is, the illusion should be attenuated by extending the color beyond the confines of the grid. Contrary to this hypothesis, the results of the present experiments provide no evidence that decreasing the spatial contingency between grid and color decreases the ME; rather, the aftereffect is increased by such a manipulation.

Adult↗