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Biomedical subjects

T F Cash

Publications and source records attributed to T F Cash.

At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed1989

Validity of Million's computerized interpretation system for the MCMI: comment on Moreland and Onstad.

Moreland and Onstad (1987) reported the results of a "controlled study" to determine the incremental validity of Million's computerized interpretive system for the Million Clinical Multiaxial Inventory (MCMI) in relation to the Barnum effect. Eight clinicians rated the accuracy of actual case reports and paired control reports that were randomly generated but designated experimental. However, in view of several limitations of their experimental design and statistical analyses, the authors may have prematurely concluded that the perceived accuracy of the interpretive system exceeds a Barnum base rate.

Diagnosis, Computer-Assisted↗
PubMed1989

Body-image disturbances in adolescent female binge-purgers: a brief report of the results of a national survey in the U.S.A.

A sample (N = 114) of adolescent female binge-purgers were among the respondents to a nationwide survey on body-image. Relative to female controls (N = 114) who were matched on age, height and weight, binge-purgers evaluated their physical appearance, fitness and health much less favourably. However, they reported being more appearance-oriented and fitness-oriented than controls. Regardless of actual weight, binge-purgers more often distorted their body size as heavier than did controls, displayed more anxious preoccupation about their weight and weight gain and reported much more frequent eating restraint to lose weight. Binge-purgers also considered themselves to be more poorly psychosocially adjusted, with a reported childhood history of appearance-related conflicts. Discriminant function analysis indicated that the above variables were very accurate in classifying the two groups.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

Body weight and body image among college women: perception, cognition, and affect.

This study examined the relations between body weight and multiple parameters of body image in a nonclinical sample. Thirty-six female undergraduate students with stable body weights served as subjects; 12 were underweight, 12 were normal weight, and 12 were overweight, as determined using recent normative tables. Each subject responded to a general weight information questionnaire and to the Body-Self Relations Questionnaire, a standardized instrument assessing affective, cognitive, and behavioral components of appearance-related body image. A newly developed apparatus and procedure for estimating body size, the Body Image Detection Device, was utilized for perceptual and cognitive measures of body image. Each subject estimated and also subjectively appraised the width of her own body at five points and that of a realistic female mannequin. A caliper was used to record actual widths, and a standard laboratory scale and rule measured weight and height. The general finding of the study was that the perceptual, affective, and cognitive components of body image differed as a function of body weight, but the nature of the differences varied with the measure employed. The pattern of results for the perceptual measure suggest a cautious view of its reliability and validity. The multidimensional approach of our study, in marked contrast to earlier fractionated studies, offers a more integrated perspective on body image and provides new directions for future research.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

The Irrational Beliefs Test: its relationship with cognitive-behavioral traits and depression.

A number of theorists have maintained that cognitive events such as irrational beliefs mediate various affective and behavioral disorders. Jones' (1968) Irrational Beliefs Test (IBT) is a prominent self-report instrument that assesses dispositional rationality-irrationality with respect to 10 beliefs proposed by Ellis. The present study with a nonclinical sample of female college students (N = 114) evaluated the relationships among the IBT, locus of control, cognitive set for success and failure, interpersonal assertion, and depression. As predicted, irrationality on the IBT and on several of its specific-belief components was related significantly to externality, negative cognitive set, unassertiveness, and self-reported depressive symptomatology. Multiple regression analyses indicated that locus of control, irrationality, and cognitive set predicted assertion and that locus of control and irrationality predicted depression.

Achievement↗
PubMed1984

When alcoholics are not anonymous: socioperceptual effects of labeling and drinking pattern.

The influence of the label "alcoholic" on observers' social perceptions and behavioral intentions about peers who consume alcohol normatively or excessively was examined. College students (40 men and 40 women) listened to a tape-recorder bogus interview in which a male interviewee reported either a normative or an excessive drinking pattern after having or ot having been labeled an alcoholic by the experimenter. Subjects then rated their reactions to the interviewee on several dimensions. Relative to the normative drinker, the excessive drinker was more likely to be judged by both sexes as deviant, an alcoholic, not in control of his drinking, poorly adjusted, psychologically ineffective, unlikely to improve, in need of professional help and responsible for this behavior, and was more strongly rejected as a potential friend and co-worker. The label of "alcoholic" negatively affected nearly all these perceptions at each level of alcohol use but without perceptual distortion of the interviewees' amount of consumption. The implications for the contribution of interpersonal stigma to alcohol-related problems are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1983

Aesthetic surgery: effects of rhinoplasty on the social perception of patients by others.

Based on contemporary social psychological theory and research, the aesthetic appeal of one's physical appearance can have considerable influence on others--on social attraction, attitudes, attributions, and actions, which in turn can affect one's psychosocial experiences and development. From this perspective, the present controlled experiment represents a modified and extended replication of recent research testing the hypothesis that aesthetic surgeries such as rhinoplasty produce improvements in physical attractiveness that foster more favorable personality attributions by others. The hypothesis was largely supported--for male and female perceivers of patients of both sexes and various ages. The implications and limitations of these findings as well as the directions for further fruitful investigation are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1977

The occurrence of reinforcing activities in relation to locus of control, success-failure expectancies, and physical attractiveness.

The Pleasant Events Schedule (mimeographed), which measures the retrospective frequency and value of positive reinforcement, was administered to 74 college students; and its relation to subjects' locus of control and success-failure expectancies and to their levels of physical attractiveness was evaluated. While results were less consistent for females than for males, significant relationships were obtained between each of these "person" variables and the various indices derived from the Pleasant Events Schedule. Not only do the findings reflect favorably on the construct validity of the various dimensions as measured, but the data carry implications for a more integrative study of depression.

Adolescent↗