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Biomedical subjects

T F Hatch

Publications and source records attributed to T F Hatch.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1992

Tryptophan intake influences infants' sleep latency.

Formula-fed infants have depressed plasma tryptophan concentration relative to human milk-fed infants. Because tryptophan alters sleep-waking patterns in adults, a study was designed to determine whether additional dietary tryptophan could elevate plasma tryptophan concentrations of formula-fed infants to concentrations characteristic of human milk feeding and whether differences in plasma tryptophan or the ratio of plama tryptophan to the sum of the other plasma large neutral amino acids (tryptophan:LNAA) were of behavioral significance. Infants were fed a formula (13 g protein/L; whey:casein, 34:66) containing either 0, 294, 588 or 882 mumol/L of added tryptophan. Infants fed human milk or commercial formula (15 g protein/L; whey:casein, 18:82) were included for comparison. In formula-fed groups, plasma tryptophan was directly related to tryptophan intake (r = 0.46, P less than 0.0005). Infants fed commercial formula or the formula without added tryptophan had lower (P less than 0.001) plasma tryptophan compared with infants fed human milk. Only the infants fed the highest tryptophan formula had significantly higher plasma tryptophan:LNAA ratios than the other experimental groups, and these ratios were similar to those of infants fed human milk. The plasma tryptophan:LNAA ratios, not plasma tryptophan concentrations, were predictive of differences in the infants' sleep latency; infants fed formula containing the highest tryptophan had sleep latencies of 18.7 min, significantly shorter (P less than 0.05) than those of infants fed formulas containing less added tryptophan (27.7 min). Feeding infants formulas differing in tryptophan concentration produced differences in sleep latency, which could influence neurobehavioral developments.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Amino Acids↗
PubMed1988

Encopresis and constipation in children.

Chronic retentive constipation in children is common, often undertreated, and frequently resistant to standard treatment. A new understanding of abnormal defecation dynamics has evolved to complement the established medical behavior model of this condition. The primary care pediatrician is in an excellent position to facilitate prevention through counseling on normal bowel habits and early intervention. A comprehensive medical behavior intervention program can be supervised effectively by the pediatrician providing benefit to most patients. Those who are compliant with treatment and are resistant to intervention may benefit by extensive evaluation of anorectal dynamics and use of such teaching as biofeedback training.

Child↗
PubMed1987

Indices of protein metabolism in term infants fed either human milk or formulas with reduced protein concentration and various whey/casein ratios.

Hyperaminoacidemia is evident in infants fed either whey-dominant or casein-dominant formula containing 2.2 g protein/100 kcal. We assessed protein metabolism in infants fed formulas with reduced protein contents and various whey/casein ratios. Term infants (n = 40) received either human milk or formula containing 1.8 g protein/100 kcal and whey/casein ratios 18:82, 34:66, or 50:50. At ages 4 and 8 weeks, growth indices and mean serum concentrations of retinol binding protein, albumin, total protein, and serum urea nitrogen were similar, as were mean plasma concentrations of total amino acids, total essential amino acids, and their ratio. Compared with infants fed human milk, those fed formula had plasma concentrations similar for valine, lysine, arginine, tyrosine, histidine, threonine, and free and total cyst(e)ine; elevated for phenylalanine, methionine, and citrulline; and depressed for taurine and tryptophan. Except for leucine, mean plasma amino acid values varied similarly among formula groups despite differences in intakes. Our data indicate that feeding formulas providing 1.8 g protein/100 kcal results in many indices of protein metabolism characteristic of human milk feeding. However, certain differences are noted, suggesting the need for further manipulation of specific amino acid patterns of infant formulas.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed1985

Indices of protein metabolism in term infants fed human milk, whey-predominant formula, or cow's milk formula.

Relationships between intakes of amino acids and total nitrogen, and blood indices of protein utilization were studied in 37 term infants fed either human milk, whey-predominant formula, or cow's milk formula as the sole nutritional source for 8 weeks. Biochemical analyses of two-hour fasting blood samples, and intakes calculated using three-day dietary records and direct analyses of milk samples were used to evaluate these relationships. Intakes of total nitrogen were positively correlated with plasma valine, leucine, isoleucine, phenylalanine, and serum urea nitrogen concentrations (r = .46 to .62, P less than .01 to .001). Intakes of the four amino acids whose plasma concentrations were positively correlated with total nitrogen intakes plus four additional amino acids (threonine, tyrosine, histidine, and methionine) were correlated with their respective plasma concentrations (r = .41 to .74, P less than .01 to .001). These relationships have not been previously described in term infants. Compared with values in infants fed human milk, plasma concentrations of valine, phenylalanine, methionine, and serum urea nitrogen were elevated with whey-predominant formula and cow's milk formula feeding. Values for four additional amino acids (threonine, lysine, leucine, and isoleucine) were elevated with whey-predominant formula feeding. Data indicate that altering the whey-to-casein ratio and, thus, the amino acid pattern of formulas will not achieve the desired blood indices characteristic of human milk feeding without a reduction in the total nitrogen content of formulas.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed1982

A case of human linolenic acid deficiency involving neurological abnormalities.

A 6-yr-old girl who lost 300 cm of intestine was maintained by total parenteral nutrition. After 5 months on a preparation rich in linoleic acid but low in linolenic acid she experienced episodes of numbness, paresthesia, weakness, inability to walk, pain in the legs, and blurring of vision. Diagnostic analysis of fatty acids of serum lipids revealed marginal linoleate deficiency and significant deficiency of linolenate. When the regimen was changed to emulsion containing linolenic acid neurological symptoms disappeared. Analysis indicated that linoleate deficiency had worsened but linolenate deficiency had been corrected. The requirement for linolenic acid is estimated to be about 0.54% of calories.

Child↗
PubMed1981

Effect of leukemia and methotrexate on digestive enzymes in the jejunum of mice.

A leukemic mouse model was employed to elucidate the separate effect of leukemia and cytotoxic drugs on the jejunal mucosa and its associated digestive enzymes. The mitotic activity, depth of the crypt and villus-crypt quotient were not significantly changed in leukemic mice in comparison to normal mice. The mitotic activity and the depth of the crypt 48 h after 20 mg methotrexate (MTX)/kg were significantly reduced (p less than 0.01) in leukemic mice. Sucrase (p less than 0.001) and maltase (p less than 0.025) activities in the jejunum from leukemic mice were significantly elevated in comparison with non-leukemic controls. In both non-leukemic and leukemic mice, the dose-response curves for MTX administration revealed a significant decrease and a nadir in sucrase (p less than 0.001) and maltase (p less than 0.0025) activities at the dosage of 20 mg/kg. Thus, in the mouse model, leukemia per se does not contribute to significant diminution in small intestinal function. In the small intestine, MTX appears to be responsible for a decrease in the mitotic activity of crypt cells, depth of the crypt and diminished sucrase and maltase activities.

Alkaline Phosphatase↗
PubMed1980

Reovirus type 3 infection in a suckling mouse: the effects on pancreatic structure and enzyme content.

Alterations in pancreatic function and structure were examined in suckling mice infected intraperitoneally with reovirus type 3. The results were compared to pancreatic zymogen enzyme activities and histology in adult mice infected with the same virus. No effect of the rovirus type 3 on the adult mice could be elicited. In contrast, the suckling mice infected by the reovirus type 3 revealed a definite change in pancreatic zymogen enzymes. However, the zymogen enzymes were affected in a nonparallel fashion and three groups of enzymes with different responses were noted. Amylase and lipase activities were significantly diminished (P less than 0.001) at 6 days of viral infection. The endopeptidases, trypsin (P less than 0.025) and cymotrypsin (P less than 0.001) activities were increased significantly in the infected group. The exopeptidases, carboxypeptidase A and B in the infected animals were not changed significantly compared to the control. It seems reasonable that the reovirus type 3 infection in the suckling mouse causes diminished lipase and amylase activities that might contribute to the pathogenesis of viral enteritis.

Amylases↗
PubMed1980

Small intestinal epithelial brush border enzymatic changes in suckling mice infected with reovirus type 3.

Suckling mice infected with reovirus type 3 were examined for changes in the epithelial brush border of the small intestine. After 3 days of infection with reovirus type 3, no significant changes were found in intestinal morphology or activity of any enzymes tested. After 6 days, villi were shortened and blunted with lymphangiectatic lesions and mild mononuclear infiltration in the lamina propria. In addition, there was a significant decrease in lactase (P < 0.001) and enterokinase activity (P < 0.05). However, there were no significant changes in the activities of alkaline phosphatase. In contrast, maltase (P < 0.001) and leucine aminopeptidase (P < 0.05) activities in the infected mice were significantly increased. These data suggest that brush border enzymes are affected differently by reovirus infection.

Alkaline Phosphatase↗
PubMed1979

Effect of postnatal malnutrition on pancreatic zymogen enzymes in the rat.

In order to characterize the response of the pancreas to undernutrition during the critical neonatal growth phase, acquired postnatal malnutrition was induced in the rat, using the expanded litter. An experimental nursing litter of 16 rats and control litters of 7 to 8 rats were formed. At 19 days of age, the pups were killed. Mean pancreatic wet weight was decreased in the malnourished rat to a greater extent than the decrease in total body weight (49 versus 60%). Decreased organ weight was predominantly the result of a decrease in DNA content and cell number. Enzyme activities expressed per total organ were all diminished; lipase to the greatest extent; trypsin and amylase to an intermediate extent; followed by chymotrypsin and the carboxypeptidases. The specific activities of lipase and trypsin were decreased with lipase, the most severely effected. The low trypsin levels can be attributed to trypsin inhibitor. It is possible therefore, that only the specific activity of lipase is significantly decreased. The decrease in enzyme activities, expressed both as specific activities and as total organ activities were decreased in a nonparallel fashion.

Amylases↗
PubMed1979

The effect of early postnatal acquired malnutrition on intestinal growth, disaccharidases and enterokinase.

The effect of undernutrition on rat small intestine during the critical newborn period was studied. A severe state of protein-energy malnutrition was induced by litter expansion which caused the mean total body weight of experimentally malnourished rats to diminish significantly as compared to control animals. Intestinal weight and total DNA were similarly diminished in the malnourished rats. DNA and protein expressed per gram wet tissue showed no significant differences between groups. Retarded intestinal growth in the malnourished animals was the result of reduced cell number. The mean specific activities of sucrase and maltase were diminished in the experimental group, with mean activities being 20 to 50% of controls, respectively. These differences were larger when expressed as total organ activities. On the other hand, specific lactase activity was significantly higher in undernourished rats but total lactase activity per organ was similar in both groups. Enterokinase specific activity or total organ activity was significantly higher in the undernourished rats.

Alkaline Phosphatase↗