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Biomedical subjects

T F Mancuso

Publications and source records attributed to T F Mancuso.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1997

Chromium as an industrial carcinogen: Part I.

Successive cohorts by year of hire at the same chromate plant (1931-1932, 1933-1934, 1935-1937) and the combined cohort (1931-1937) of 332 employees were followed through 1993. A total of 283 deaths (85%) of the total cohort were identified. In the combined cohort (1931-1937), 66 lung cancers were found, constituting 23.3% of all deaths and 64.7% of all cancers. The lung cancer mortality rates are shown over a span of decades, from 15 years to over 55 years, with progressive rise. Observations of lung cancer identified, employees not found, and cancer risk by age at hire are cited. Lung cancer death rates increased by gradient level of exposure to insoluble (trivalent) chromium and to soluble (hexavalent) chromium, with a pattern of increase by total chromium. Age-specific death rates for lung cancer according to the same gradient exposure range for total, insoluble, and soluble chromium are presented. The potential cancer risk extends to all forms of chromium and to total chromium.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Chromium as an industrial carcinogen: Part II. Chromium in human tissues.

A continuation of the findings in a study of workers hired in 1931-1937 in a chromate plant, directed at the evaluation of the carcinogenic risk of insoluble, soluble, and total chromium. Chemical analyses of tissues of autopsies, identified by age at hire, cumulative exposure to insoluble, soluble, and total chromium and interval since last exposure are cited for three lung cancer cases. Histological identification of insoluble chromium was demonstrated. Marked deposition and retention of concentrations of chromium was noted 18.0 years since last exposure. In one case with cumulative exposure to insoluble chromium of 10.74 mg versus 0.63 mg for soluble chromium and histological demonstration of insoluble chromium, chrysotile was also identified.

Autopsy↗
PubMed1993

Methodology in industrial health studies: Social Security disability data and the medical care system.

This paper is directed at the exploration and development of the Social Security data, in the ascertainment and evaluation of industrial health effects. The focus of the study is on disability data, as a national uniform means to identify illnesses and disease that occurred prior to death, that were not recorded on the death certificates. A cohort of employees of an industrial company was processed through the Social Security System to simultaneously identify the disability and death claims that were filed. The total number of white males that filed disability claims was 1,333 and for white females 278. The total number of claims filed for the white males was 1,734 and for white females 382. Comparisons were made of all causes of disability with all causes of death for white males and white females. A remarkably high percentage of causes of disability were not recorded or available by death certificate for ICD categories of diseases and specific cancer sites. The study also demonstrated that disability data contribute significantly to the confirmation of the diagnosis for the cancer sites. The development of the methodology linking Social Security data on disability, medical care, and mortality with industrial medical and environmental exposure data in epidemiological studies is discussed.

Cohort Studies↗
PubMed1988

Relative risk of mesothelioma among railroad machinists exposed to chrysotile.

This study challenges the assertion of low relative risk of chrysotile in the causation of mesothelioma. Data are provided on the time period use of various types of asbestos in the United States and in insulation materials. The focus of the study is on mesothelioma among railroad machinists employed in the steam locomotive era who were exposed to chrysotile. Within a cohort of machinists alive January 1, 1945, a sub-cohort method was applied to all successive machinists hired in each of the respective years (1920-1929) followed through 1986. The total cohort was 181 and the number of deaths 156, with 14 mesotheliomas identified among 41 cancer deaths. The findings demonstrated an extremely high relative risk for machinists exposed to chrysotile for the induction of mesothelioma in the individual year of hire cohorts. A similar observation was noted for other crafts hired in the same time period. One mesothelioma occurred for every 13 machinists hired in the succeeding years (1920-1929) and constituted 34% of all cancer deaths. It is concluded that chrysotile is far more hazardous in the induction of mesotheliomas and that the asbestos cancer risk in the steam locomotive eras was much higher than had been previously estimated.

Asbestos↗
PubMed1984

Identification of occupational mortality risks for Hanford workers.

Though most of the production work at Hanford is done by manual workers, 46% of the most dangerous jobs are performed by people who have professional or technical qualifications. For these privileged workers occupational mortality risks are positively correlated with radiation doses but for manual workers, who have relatively high death rates, there is an inverse relation with dose. The high ratio of professional to manual workers is clearly the reason for the industry having fewer observed than expected deaths and the inverse relation with dose for less privileged workers is probably a sign that there has been selective recruitment of the most highly paid manual workers--that is, skilled craftsmen into the more dangerous occupations. Evidence of this selective recruitment was obtained by equating danger levels with levels of monitoring for internal radiation. Therefore, there should be some control for these levels in any analysis of cancer effects of the measured dose of radiation.

Female↗
PubMed1984

Job related mortality risks of Hanford workers and their relation to cancer effects of measured doses of external radiation.

This paper continues the series by Mancuso, Stewart, and Kneale (MSK) on studies of cancer risks for radiation workers at Hanford. It concentrates on the statistical problems posed by the need to estimate and control for job related mortality risks when there are several changes of occupation and no certainty about how different occupations are related to two socioeconomic factors which have strong health associations--namely, education and income. The final conclusion is that for tissues which are sensitive to cancer induced by radiation there is a risk of cancer for Hanford exposures whose dose response is curvilinear with long latency and increasing effect with increasing exposure age.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Mesothelioma among machinists in railroad and other industries.

The first phase of the exploration of occupation-related cancer among machinists was a retrospective review of deaths among members of the International Association of Machinists and Aerospace Workers in 1973, in which mesotheliomas were identified in workers in railroad and other industries. The second phase of the study initiated in 1982 was the establishment of a cohort study of machinists, employed for railroad company A, who were alive in January 1954. The cohort consisted of 197 machinists who had been employed by the same railroad prior to 1935 and observed to 1982. Causes of death were identified for 132 of the cohort. There were 18 alive and 47 not traced. Among the 29 cancer deaths, there were nine mesotheliomas and one endothelioma of the pleura. Additional retrospective surveys of deaths among members of the railroad lodges of the international union, together with the cohort study, identified a total of 42 mesotheliomas, two endotheliomas of the pleura, and two cancers of the pleura among former railroad machinists. Among the machinists employed in other industries, 16 mesotheliomas and six cancers of the pleura were identified. For decades, machinists, by the nature of their craft, have had a high risk of occupation-related cancer due to asbestos exposure.

Aged↗
PubMed1982

Epidemiological study of tumors of the central nervous system in Ohio.

Historically, the first epidemiological lead of an excess risk of death due to malignancies of the brain and central nervous system among the former employees of the rubber industry was in 1949, in a study correlating causes of death with prior employment designated on the death certificates for the state of Ohio in 1947. The geographical distribution of deaths (1955) due to histologically confirmed tumors of the CNS identified one county, Summit, of the 88 counties of Ohio, as having significantly more deaths than expected for ages 25-64. Summit County represents the principal rubber manufacture center in the U.S. A series of analyses were carried out which identified a higher death risk among rubber workers compared to nonrubber worker residents of Summit County according to histologically confirmed diagnoses of tumors of the CNS in 1963. Longitudinal employee cohort studies of four different companies engaged in the manufacture of rubber products, in the same state, Ohio, indicated a higher death rate due to tumors of the central nervous system. Epidemiological leads were cited in a broad industry survey comparison in which higher death rates due to neoplasms of the central nervous system were observed among workers in electrical machinery and paper and allied products as well as the rubber industry. Potential chemical linkage of the excess of CNS neoplasm deaths among rubber workers and workers in the rayon industry was explored.

Adult↗
PubMed1981

Hanford radiation study III: a cohort study of the cancer risks from radiation to workers at Hanford (1944-77 deaths) by the method of regression models in life-tables.

This paper reports on results from the study initiated by Mancuso into the health risks from low-level radiation in workers engaged in plutonium manufacture at Hanford Works, Washington State, USA, and attempts to answer criticisms of previous reports by an in-depth study. Previous reports have aroused much controversy because the reported risk per unit radiation dose for cancers of radiosensitive tissues was much greater than the risk generally accepted on the basis of other studies and widely used in setting safety levels for exposure to low-level radiation. The method of regression models in life-tables isolates the effect of radiation after statistically controlling for a wide range of possible interfering factors. Like the risk of lung cancer for uranium miners the dose-response relation showed a significant downward curve at about 10 rem. There may, therefore, be better agreement with other studies, conduct at higher doses, than is widely assumed. The findings on cancer latency (of about 25 years) and the effect of exposure age (increasing age increases the risk) are in general agreement with other studies. An unexplained finding is a significantly higher dose for all workers who developed cancers in tissues that are supposed to have low sensitivity to cancer induction by radiation.

Actuarial Analysis↗
PubMed1977

Lung cancer among black migrants. Interaction of host and occupational environment factors.

A study of Ohio residents by place of birth identified an increased cancer risk (100% excess) among black migrants born in the South compared with blacks born in Ohio. The migration of blacks from South to North for the purpose of industrial employment was extensive between the years 1940-1970. The hypothesis is that biological and social imprints (poverty, malnutrition, genetics), endemic of the early years of life, provide a physiological imbalance which provides the basis for increased susceptibility to adverse environmental stresses subsequent to migration. Findings consistent with this hypothesis were obtained in a prospective study of steel workers in which 2,543 men in coke plant operations were included, in which a prior high rate for lung cancer had already been established. A strong association was found between place of birth and place of death from lung cancer in the nonwhite coke plant workers. Examination of these death certiricates revealed that 33 of 35 deaths of lung cancer occurred among men born in the South.

Black or African American↗