Biomedical subjects

T Fushiki

Publications and source records attributed to T Fushiki.

At least 55 records · Page 3Linked to original sources

PubMed1999

Reduced urination rate while drinking beer with an unpleasant taste and off-flavor.

A lowered subjective evaluation of the taste and flavor of beer due to staleness or to the addition of an unpleasant taste and flavor was found to be closely correlated with the urination rate. Beer in the same lot was compared immediately after shipment from the brewery and after leaving at room temperature for 1 month or 5 months. Each beer sample was given to volunteers at the rate of 3 ml/kg/15 min for 2 hours, and the urine volume was measured every 30 minutes. The urination rate was highest from the volunteers who drank fresh beer and lowest from those who drank 5-month-old beer. The subjective evaluation of both the taste and drinkability of 5-month-old beer was significantly lower than that of fresh beer. Beer samples with various unpleasant taste and flavor substances added lowered the urination rate. The results suggest that the perception of an unpleasant taste and off-flavor would lower the urination rate.

Adult↗

PubMed1999

Effect of meal timing after resistance exercise on hindlimb muscle mass and fat accumulation in trained rats.

To study the effect of meal timing after exercise on body composition, 20 male rats were assigned to either a group fed a meal right after exercise (R) or a group fed a meal 4 h after exercise (L). Resistance exercise (squatting) was conducted from 6:00 to 7:00, 3 d/wk for 10 wk. Meals were consumed from 7:00 to 8:00 and from 19:00 to 20:00 for R, and from 11:00 to 12:00 and from 19:00 to 20:00 for L. The room was lighted from 7:00 to 19:00. After 10 wk, the body weight was comparable between the groups. The hindlimb muscle weight was higher in R than in L by 6% (p < 0.05), whereas the sum of the weight of perirenal, epididymal, and mesenteric adipose tissues was lower in R than in L by 24% (p < 0.01). The soleus lipoprotein lipase (LPL) activity was higher in R than in L by 70% (p < 0.01), and the activity negatively correlated with the adipose tissue weight (r = -0.49, p < 0.05). These results suggest the possibility that ingesting a meal right after resistance exercise may contribute to an increase in the muscle mass and to a decrease in the adipose tissue compared to ingesting a meal several hours later.

Adipose Tissue↗

PubMed1999

Effect of timing of meal intake after squat exercise training on bone formation in the rat hindlimb.

We hypothesized that bone acquisition was affected by the timing of meal intake after resistance exercise training. This was based on the following previous results: 1) Nutrient intake right after exercise resulted in an increase in muscle mass and a decrease in abdominal fat mass as well as muscle protein synthesis when compared to the intake of a meal later after the exercise; and 2) body composition has been proposed to be a good predictor of bone mass. To substantiate our hypothesis, 20 male rats were assigned to either a group fed a meal right after squat exercise (R) or a group fed a meal 4 h after the exercise (L). The 10-wk training program consisted of approximately 70% of one repetition maximum for each animal, 15 repetitions per set, 10 sets per day, 3 d per week. As a result, hindlimb muscle mass in the R group was greater (p < 0.05) than that in the L group and abdominal fat mass was less (p < 0.01) in the R group as compared to the L group, regardless of there being no significant difference in body weight between the groups. Bone volume in the tibia (p < 0.01) and femur (p < 0.05) were both significantly greater in the R group than in the L group. Bone mineral content index (BMCI) and bone mineral density index (BMDI) in the tibia of the R group were significantly (p < 0.05) greater than the corresponding values of the L group. The greater BMCI and BMDI in the tibia were positively and significantly (p < 0.05) related with hindlimb muscle mass, but not with abdominal fat mass. There was no significant difference in BMCI and BMDI in the femur between the groups. These results suggest that the R regimen may contribute to increased bone acquisition in the tibia as compared to the L regimen, and this effect is partly due to the enlargement of muscle mass in the R group as compared to the L group.

Adipose Tissue↗

PubMed1999

Ultrasonography evaluation of abdominal fat in live rats.

We have developed a new noninvasive method of estimating abdominal fat volume in live rats using ultrasonography. By this method, cross sections of perirenal (retroperitoneal) fat tissue, which is an abdominal fat, at the renal vein level could be identified and the area determined. The perirenal fat in Wistar rats (wide body weight range, 111.4 to 497.3 g; limited range, 300.1 to 337.9 g) measured by ultrasonography was compared with the actual fat tissue weight. The cross-sectional area of perirenal fat tissue was significantly correlated to the actual whole tissue weight. Using this procedure, we examined the changes of perirenal fat stores during fasting. Consequently, the cross-sectional area of perirenal fat and its actual weight decreased in parallel. Total body electrical conductivity (TOBEC) is currently used to measure fat-free mass (FFM) and indirectly predicts total body fat mass of live laboratory animals. The body fat distribution, that is, the location of adipose tissue in the abdominal region, is closely associated with obesity-related diseases. Therefore, it is important to focus not only on the accumulation of total body fat, but also on that of abdominal fat. The present ultrasonographic method is considered to be useful for repeated noninvasive measurement of abdominal fat in the live rat.

Abdomen↗

PubMed1998

Counteraction of retinoic acid and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 on up-regulation of adipocyte differentiation with PPARgamma ligand, an antidiabetic thiazolidinedione, in 3T3-L1 cells.

Retinoic acid (RA) and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25 (OH)2 D3) inhibited adipocyte differentiation of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes in the presence of thiazolidinedione, a specific ligand for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptory (PPARgamma). These fat-soluble vitamins repressed the up-regulated protein expression of PPARgamma2 during the first 40 hours of initiation of 3T3-L1 preadipocyte differentiation. Compared with RA, 1,25 (OH)2 D3 inhibited PPARgamma2 expression more effectively and caused concomitantly a greater inhibition of adipocyte differentiation. These results suggest that the inhibitory action of adipocyte differentiation by RA or 1,25 (OH)2 D3 is exhibited through direct repression of the expression of PPARgamma2 protein, even in the presence of its ligand. They also raise the intriguing possibility that attenuation or amplification of the pharmacological effects of thiazolidinedione that are dependent on PPARgamma in adipose cells is caused by alteration of the levels of these fat-soluble vitamins.

3T3 Cells↗

PubMed1998

Release of a substance that suppresses spontaneous motor activity in the brain by physical exercise.

Injection of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) collected from rats fatigued by obligatory swimming into the cisterna magna of mice suppressed the spontaneous motor activity of the mice. The suppressive activity was abolished by heat denaturation of the CSF and was found in the CSF fraction with a molecular weight above 10,000 after ultrafiltration. These findings suggest the presence of a substance(s) released in a fatigued animal's brain that suppresses its spontaneous motor activity and generates the sensation of fatigue.

Animals↗

PubMed1998

Swimming capacity of mice is increased by oral administration of a nonpungent capsaicin analog, stearoyl vanillylamide.

Intravenous injection of stearoyl vanillylamide (C18-VA), a nonpungent capsaicin (CAP) analog, enhances adrenaline secretion significantly and as effectively as CAP in rats. Because swimming capacity was enhanced by CAP in mice due to CAP-induced adrenal catecholamine secretion, we investigated the effects of oral administration of C18-VA on swimming capacity using an adjustable-current water pool. Male Std ddY 6-wk-old mice were fed a commercial diet for this study and one group was orally administered C18-VA via a stomach tube. Treated mice were able to swim longer before exhaustion than the control mice (62.9 +/- 5.6 vs. 49.6 +/- 7. 0 min, P < 0.05). The swimming capacity of two groups administered C18-VA (0.02 and 0.033 mmol/kg) was significantly greater than that of those administered vehicle alone, (P < 0.05). Substance P concentration in cerebrospinal fluid, which is involved in pain transmission and is the first direct measure of pungency, was not affected by C18-VA administration. In an experiment examining the effects of C18-VA on serum adrenaline concentration, adrenaline was significantly greater in C18-VA treated mice than in controls at 2-h post-dose (C18-VA group, 26.09 +/- 2.82; control group 13.29 +/- 0. 96 microg/L, P < 0.01). In a separate study free fatty acids in serum were elevated in treated mice at 2-h post-dose (P < 0.01). While serum glucose concentration was not affected. These results suggest that C18-VA increased swimming capacity of mice via adrenaline release, independent of pungency. In addition, the present study suggests the usefulness of its application to humans.

Animals↗

PubMed1998

Germinated barley foodstuff improves constipation induced by loperamide in rats.

The effects of germinated barley foodstuff (GBF) derived from the aleurone and scutellum fractions of germinated barley low-lignified hemicellulose were examined in Sprague-Dawley rats with constipation induced by loperamide by addition to the diet (2 mg/kg body weight). Bowel movements were higher in the GBF-fed rats than in the cellulose-fed rats used as a control. Fecal water content was also higher in the GBF-fed rats. The concentration of short chain fatty acids in cecal content, especially butyrate, was significantly higher in the GBF-fed rats than in the cellulose-fed rats. These findings suggested that GBF helps normalize defecation not only in diarrhea but also constipation.

Animals↗

PubMed1998

Inhibition by a capsaicin antagonist (capsazepine) of capsaicin-induced swimming capacity increase in mice.

We investigated the endurance swimming capacity of mice injected with CAP antagonist (capsazepine). The increase of endurance swimming capacity by the administration of CAP was significantly suppressed by the injection of capsazepine. At the same time, serum adrenaline secretion, which was induced by CAP, was depressed by capsazepine. These findings suggested that the increase in endurance swimming capacity by CAP was mediated by the CAP receptor.

Animals↗

PubMed1998

Effects of germinated barley foodstuff in preventing diarrhea and forming normal feces in ceco-colectomized rats.

Germinated barley foodstuff (GBF) derived from the aleurone and scutellum fractions of germinated barley was rich in glutamine and low-lignified hemicellulose. The diarrhea caused by ceco-colectomy could be prevented by feeding GBF to rats. GBF could also increase the protein content and sucrase activity of small intestinal mucosa in this model. This diarrhea-preventive effect of GBF would be based on the water-holding capacity and bulging force under alkaline conditions, e.g. in the small intestine.

Animals↗

PubMed1998

Correlation between the drinkability of beer and gastric emptying.

A subjective evaluation of beer drinkability and the degree of stomach fullness were found to correlate with the relaxed cross-sectional area of the pylorus antrum measured by real-time ultrasonography. Five kinds of beer with a different malt/adjuncts ratio and degree of attenuation were used. Each beer was given to 9 healthy volunteers at the rate of 3 ml/kg/15 min, and they each recorded the degree of stomach fullness, desire to drink and tastiness every 30 min. With increasing volume drunk, the degree of tastiness and desire to drink were lowered, and the degree of stomach fullness raised. The relaxed cross-sectional area of the pylorus antrum measured by an ultrasonic image analyzer every 30 min was highly correlated with the degree of stomach fullness, tastiness of the beer, and desire to drink (p = 0.0021, < 0.0001, 0.001). The beer giving the lowest degree of stomach fullness was appraised to be tasty and highly drinkable. These findings suggest that the rate of gastric emptying is one of the factors determining the drinkability of beer, and that measurement of the relaxed cross-sectional area of the pylorus antrum is useful to evaluate stomach fullness during beer drinking.

Adult↗

PubMed1998

A trial to detect behavioral changes by swimming stress.

We investigated behavioral changes in mice in a light/dark test after forced swimming stress in a streaming pool. Locomotion and rearing behavior in mice in a light/dark test was suppressed immediately after the swimming and gradually regained. Shuttle crossing between light and dark zones was also suppressed but time spent in a light zone was not. The suppression of locomotor activity by the swimming was not observed 20 min after it. Naloxone (10 mg/kg, i.p.) suppressed recovery of locomotor activity after the swimming while it did not affect a light/dark test in nonswimming mice. These results suggest that this model is useful for the study of behavioral and psychological changes after exercise, and that opioidergic systems may be involved in regaining spontaneous locomotor activity.

Animals↗

PubMed1998

Effect of running training on brown adipose tissue activity in rats: a reevaluation.

The effect was investigated of running training on the thermogenic activity of brown adipose tissue (BAT) in rats. The exercised rats were trained on a rodent treadmill for 5 days per week and a total of 9 weeks. After the training, a significantly lower rate of increase in body weight was found, suggesting some training effect, whereas the training failed to induce a decrease in BAT mass. As previously reported (Yamashita, Yamamoto et al., 1993), there was also a markedly lower expression of uncoupling protein (UCP) mRNA in BAT from trained rats; nevertheless, no definite effect of the running training was noted on either UCP content or guanosine 5'-diphosphate binding in the mitochondria recovered from BAT. The results obtained suggest that running training has no overt effect on the thermogenic activity of BAT in rats.

Adipose Tissue, Brown↗

PubMed1997

Expression of the putative membrane fatty acid transporter (FAT) in taste buds of the circumvallate papillae in rats.

The putative membrane fatty acid transporter (FAT) protein and its mRNA, originally expressed in adipose tissue, were found in the tongue of rats. Northern blot analysis showed a significant expression of FAT mRNA in the epithelial layer of circumvallate papillae. Immunohistochemical staining revealed that immunoreactivity for FAT is specifically localized in the apical part of taste bud cells, possibly gustatory cells, in the circumvallate papillae.

Animals↗

PubMed1997

High-performance liquid chromatographic measurement of urocanic acid isomers and their ratios in naturally light-exposed skin and naturally shielded skin.

We have developed methods for sampling and extraction of trans-urocanic acid and cis-urocanic acid from human skin, and subsequent high-performance liquid chromatographic measurement of these isomers. Sampling involves applying cellophane adhesive tape to the skin for 10 s. Urocanic acid isomers were completely extracted by immersing the tape in KOH solution. The HPLC column was a Tosoh ODS 80TS (250x4.6 mm I.D., 7 microm average particle size) eluted with 20 mM potassium dihydrogenphosphate containing 1 g/l sodium heptanesulphonate (pH 3.7)-acetonitrile (93:7, v/v) at a flow-rate of 1.0 ml/min. The isomers were detected by UV absorbance at 264 nm. This technique was used to analyze the ratio of trans-urocanic acid/cis-urocanic acid on human skin at various sites on the body. It was found that the ratio was low in naturally light-exposed skin and high in naturally shielded skin.

Adult↗

PubMed1997

Long-term consumption of an amino acid diet reduces the pancreatic enzyme secretion response to a trypsin inhibitor in rats.

We investigated pancreatic enzyme secretion in response to soybean trypsin inhibitor (SBTI) in rats fed amino acids as a nitrogen source, from the fetal stage to adulthood. Pregnant rats were divided into two groups 4 d before parturition. During gestation and nursing, one group was fed a 15% protein diet (protein-fed rats) and the other (amino acid-fed rats) a 15% amino acid mixture diet that simulated the composition of the protein diet. Each male offspring was weaned at 4 wk after parturition and fed the same diet as fed to its dam for an additional 6 wk. Pancreatic amylase secretion in response to an intraduodenal infusion of SBTI (10 mg/rat) was observed in the protein-fed rats but not in the amino acid-fed rats. Amylase secretion in response to an intravenous injection of cholecystokinin (CCK) (10 ng/kg rat) was observed in both groups, and the magnitude of the response was significantly higher in the amino acid-fed rats than in the protein-fed rats. An increase in the level of plasma CCK in response to SBTI was observed in the protein-fed rats but not in the amino acid-fed rats. These results suggest that the long-term amino acid diet, because of its ability to inhibit the SBTI-stimulated CCK-releasing process in the small intestine of rats, reduced the pancreatic enzyme secretion response to a trypsin inhibitor. Six rats fed the amino acid mixture until 1 wk after weaning were fed the protein diet for the next 5 wk. These rats showed no pancreatic amylase secretion in response to SBTI, suggesting that dietary components around the weaning stage may affect the development of the ability of small intestinal cells to recognize a trypsin inhibitor.

Amino Acids↗

PubMed1997

Caffeine enhances modulation of parasympathetic nerve activity in humans: quantification using power spectral analysis.

We investigated changes in autonomic nerve activity following caffeine intake by power spectral analysis of R-R intervals of heartbeats in humans. A beverage containing 240 mg of caffeine or a control beverage was given to 10 healthy volunteers, and R-R intervals were measured while subjects were sitting and controlling their respiration at a constant rate. After consumption of the caffeine-containing beverage, a transient and significant increase (P < 0.001) in spectral integrated values (areas under the curve) of high frequency power (high component, HC) was observed, and at 30 min the value was significantly greater than in controls (P < 0.02), suggesting an increase in vagal autonomic nerve activity. The effect of caffeine was also examined using decaffeinated coffee supplemented with exogenous caffeine (2 mg/kg body wt). A transient and significant increase (P < 0.0001) in HC was observed, and the value was significantly greater (P < 0.02) than when subjects consumed decaffeinated coffee without supplemental caffeine. The ratio of HC to total integrated value (which is also used as a selective indicator of vagal activity) was also significantly higher (P < 0.04) after caffeine consumption. Physiological variables accompanying the change in autonomic nerve activity (i.e., blood pressure, surface body temperature and heart rate) were not significantly affected by caffeine intake. These results suggest that power spectral analysis of heartbeat R-R intervals is an effective and noninvasive method for detecting subtle changes in autonomic nerve activity in response to food intake.

Adult↗

PubMed1997

Mechanisms of CCK regulation of monitor peptide mRNA expression in pancreatic acinar AR42J cells.

We explored the mechanism(s) by which cholecystokinin (CCK) stimulation of AR42J rat pancreatoma cells results in increased mRNA expression of a CCK-releasing peptide [monitor peptide (MP)]. With the use of a newly established reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction assay system, CCK was shown to increase the level of MP mRNA by about ninefold. When protein synthesis was blocked by addition of cycloheximide, the MP mRNA level remained unchanged in the presence of CCK. Inhibition of transcription with actinomycin D resulted in a half-life for MP mRNA of approximately 17 h, and this rate remained unchanged after CCK treatment, suggesting that CCK may regulate the MP mRNA level by influencing gene transcription. A-23187, bombesin, substance P, and carbachol increased the MP mRNA level. CoCl(2) abolished actions of both CCK and A-23187 on MP mRNA expression. Dibutyryl-adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate, forskolin, secretin, and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide had no effect on MP mRNA expression. 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate and phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate also failed to increase MP mRNA. It was therefore proposed that CCK stimulates MP mRNA expression of AR42J cells in a Ca2+-dependent and protein kinase C-independent manner.

Animals↗