Human cerebellar cortex studied in scanning electron microscopy.
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Cerebellar Cortex↗
Biomedical subjects
T Hojo
Publications and source records attributed to T Hojo.
Specimen preparation of the human cerebellar cortex for scanning electron microscopy using a t-butyl alcohol freeze-drying device.
A freeze-drying device was applied to t-butyl alcohol substituted nerve cells, fibers and synaptic terminals. Ten percent formalin-fixed human cerebellar cortex specimens were postfixed in 2.5% glutaraldehyde in 0.1 M cacodylate buffer solution and were rinsed three times in 5% sucrose solution in the same buffer. After the postfixed specimens were dehydrated using a graded series of ethanols and then transferred into a graded series of t-butyl alcohols (freezing point 25.4 degrees C), the t-butyl alcohol substituted specimens were freeze-dried at 15 degrees C and at high vacuum (5 x 10(-2) Torr). The freeze-dried specimens were sputter coated with gold. Scanning electron microscopy revealed synaptic terminals on the surfaces of a Golgi cell and a small flat polygonal cell. Rough somatic surfaces of granule cells were also observed.
Aged↗
Quantitative analyses of microwear and honing on the sloping crest of the P3 in female Japanese monkeys (Macaca fuscata).
Female wild Japanese monkeys (Macaca fuscata), as with all male cercopithecoids, use the mesiobuccal surfaces or the elongated crests of the mandibular third premolars (P3s), as cutting blocks that wear against edges of maxillary canines during threat manifestation or food-eating. In other words, the crests of their P3s are honed with the maxillary canines. The crests become sloped during growth and more heavily striated with the advance of age. The number, directions, lengths, and widths of these striations have been analyzed quantitatively using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Two samples showed two distinct types of parallel striations, one longer and thicker (171.5 microns long and 14.5 microns wide on average) than the other (114.8 microns long and 12.0 microns wide on average). These striations were caused by contact between the sharp edge of the upper canine and the P3 during honing (canine/premolar complex). The long and thick striations are asymmetrical with widened parts or pits on one end, and were easily distinguished from other thinner striations which may have been caused by fine particles. The third sample showed Hunter-Schreger bands with striae of Retzius on the sloping heavily worn mesiobuccal surface. The features of these thick parallel striations indicate that they result from closing movements of the jaw.
Animals↗
Smaller axon and unaltered numbers of microtubules per axon in relation to number of myelin lamellae of myelinated fibers in the mutant quail deficient in neurofilaments.
To characterize the morphological features of the myelinated fibers in the mutant quails deficient in neurofilaments (NF), caused by a nonsense mutation in the NF-L gene, the morphological parameters of the axon and myelin sheath, and their relationships in the peroneal nerve were evaluated. In the mutant, the axonal area was smaller than in the control (P > 0.01), reflecting the lack of large diameter axons. There was no significant difference in the mean number of myelin lamellae and of their spacings between controls and mutants. Therefore, it was decided to analyze the alteration of axonal parameters in relation to the number of myelin lamellae. In the regression analysis, the number of microtubules (MT) per square micrometer of the axonal area was greater in the mutant than in the control (P < 0.05); however, the number of MT per axon was similar in controls and mutants with the same given number of myelin lamellae. The number of MT+NF per axon was smaller in the mutant than in the control only for myelinated fibers with more than 25 myelin lamellae (P > 0.05). These findings indicate that there was a less significant effect of NF deficiency on the smaller than on the larger myelinated fibers. There was no compensatory increase in the numbers of MT per axon of the myelinated fibers in the mutant as found previously in the unmyelinated fibers of the mutant.
Animals↗
Symphalangism (two phalanges) in the digits of the Japanese foot.
We report here an investigation into the number of phalanges of the 2nd to 5th toes in a Japanese population. The number of phalanges in each of these toes is normally three, distal, middle and proximal. However, occasionally only two phalanges are observed. In this condition, known as symphalangism, the middle and distal phalanges are fused (synarthrosis of the distal interphalangeal joint). The incidence of symphalangism in the 488 feet was found to be 72.5% in the 5th toe, 11.9% in the 4th toe, 0.8% in the 3rd toe, and 0.0% in the 2nd toe. No left-to-right or sex differences were observed. The reported overall incidence of symphalangism in the 5th toe of the foot in the Japanese population (74.7%) is significantly higher than that in the European population (40.2%). In the present sample, the incidence of symphalangism of the 4th toe (11.9%) was significantly higher than that in Japanese population samples previously studied (4.2%).
Adolescent↗
Lower number and thinner myelin of large myelinated fibers in human cervical compression radiculopathy.
The authors conducted a morphometric investigation of the histopathological alterations in myelinated fibers (MFs) of the nerve roots of C-6, which showed macroscopic indentation, presumably due to cervical spondylotic radiculopathy. In six cadavers, designated as the radiculopathy group, in which the nerve roots of C-6 showed indentation due to compression on one side (indented side) and the remaining nerve roots (normal side) showed a normal appearance macroscopically, morphometric findings of the nerve roots and the MFs on both the indented and normal sides were evaluated and subjected to blind comparison. Seven cadavers with normal-appearing C-6 nerve roots served as controls. In the control group, there were no differences in the morphometric parameters: that is, total transverse fascicular area, total number of small and large MFs, and relationship between myelin thickness and the radius of the axon between the right and left sides in either the ventral or dorsal roots. There was no evidence found of axonal degeneration, ongoing demyelination, or loss of MFs in either the ventral or dorsal roots in the radiculopathy group on the indented side. However, there were significantly lower numbers of large MFs per root and significantly thinner myelin sheaths relative to axon size on the indented side compared with those on the normal side in both the ventral and dorsal roots. These findings are characteristic alterations of the MFs produced by chronic low-grade compression.
Aged↗
An experimental scanning electron microscopic study of human cerebellar cortex using the t-butyl alcohol freeze-drying device.
Specimen preparation methods are very important in scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of nerve tissues. In the present study, a t-butyl alcohol freeze-drying device was used to prepare cerebellar cortex of the human and that of the rat at 15 degrees C and 160 mm Hg. This method has been previously used with success in the preparation of other tissues, such as pancreas and trachea. Relatively large specimens (about 10 mm x 15 mm x 1 mm) of formalin-fixed human and glutaraldehyde-Millonig buffer perfused (1 hour) Wistar rat were rinsed in water, dehydrated in a series of ethanols, immersed in t-butyl alcohol, and then placed in the new freeze-drying device. The specimens were cut with a razor, freeze-dried without acid or alkali digestion, mounted on stubs, and sputter-coated with gold. This new preparation method allowed a higher magnification examination of surfaces of cells and fibers of the human cerebellar cortex compared to the critical point drying method. This was valid for Purkinje cell bodies with axons, dendrites with climbing fibers and climbing fiber glomeruli, and stellate neuron cell processes connected to the Purkinje cell dendrites. Lugaro cell, basket cells with axons, Golgi II cell, mossy fiber glomerulus with granule cell dendrites, satellite Bergmann glial cells with processes, and many microtubule-like fibrous structures on the inside of Purkinje cell dendrites were observed. Furthermore with this method, the glutaraldehyde-Millonig buffer perfused cerebellar cortex of the Wistar rat shows better three-dimensional images than the formalin-fixed human cerebellar cortex.
Aged↗
[Laparoscopic extirpation of ovarian tumor: a trial to prevent spilling of tumor contents].
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Adult↗
Degenerative change and rotator cuff tears. An anatomical study in 160 shoulders of 80 cadavers.
In order to determine the effects of friction and rubbing in the development of rotator cuff tear, we studied 160 shoulders of 80 cadavers (age at death 43-93 years, mean 69.3 years). Seventy-two cadavers were fixed with formalin and eight were fresh cadavers. The surface of the cuff and the undersurface of the acromion were observed macroscopically. Eight shoulders of fresh cadavers were examined by scanning electron microscopy. Ninety-eight specimens (61%) showed degenerative changes of the supraspinatus tendon. The number of tendons with degeneration and tear increased from the fifth to sixth decade of life, and the size of the tear increased with age. However, there was no sustained increase in the incidence with aging from the age of 60 to 90 years, and the percentage with degenerative changes of the cuff remained at approximately 60% in each decade. Ninety-six specimens (60%) showed degeneration of the subacromial surface. The percentage with degeneration of the undersurface of the acromion remained at approximately 60% from the sixth to ninth decade. There was a significant correlation between the severity of the changes in the rotator cuff and the subacromial surface. Scanning electron microscopy showed changes suggesting effects of friction and rubbing on the rotator cuff, such as regularly arranged wool-like spherical structures on the surface of the tendon and rounded ruptured ends of the tendon fibers. These results indicate that degenerative change of the rotator cuff is aggravated by a friction and rubbing mechanism with the undersurface of the acromion and leads to development of a complete tear.
Acromion↗
Disposition characteristics of protein drugs in the perfused rat kidney.
The renal disposition characteristics of 111In-labeled neocarzinostatin (NCS), soybean trypsin inhibitor (STI), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were studied in the perfused rat kidney. In a single-pass indicator dilution experiment, venous and urinary recovery profiles and tissue accumulation of proteins were determined under filtering or nonfiltering conditions. In the nonfiltering kidney perfusion experiment, no significant tissue accumulation was observed, suggesting minimal uptake from the glomerular and peritubular capillary sides. Therefore, tissue recovery corresponded to that with tubular reabsorption after glomerular filtration. The total amount of NCS or STI being filtrated through glomeruli, the sum of tissue and urinary recoveries, was similar to that of inulin, but that of SOD was about half. Similarly, the steady-state distribution volumes (Vd) of NCS and STI obtained by moment analysis of their venous outflow curves were similar to that of inulin, while the Vd value of SOD was significantly lower. These results suggest the restricted passage of SOD through the glomerular and postglomerular capillary wall. The tubular reabsorption ratio of proteins against the total filtrated amount decreased with an increase in the administered dose, suggesting nonlinearity of reabsorption. SOD had the largest reabsorption ratio. Thus, this experimental system is useful for quantitative analysis of renal disposition of proteins.
Animals↗
Disposition characteristics of model macromolecules in the perfused rat kidney.
The disposition characteristics of model macromolecules such as dextran (70 kDa), bovine serum albumin (BSA), and their charged derivatives were studied in the perfused rat kidney. In a single-pass indicator dilution experiment, venous and urinary recovery patterns and tissue accumulation of radiolabeled compounds were evaluated under filtering or nonfiltering conditions. In the filtering kidney, cationic macromolecules such as diethylaminoethyl-dextran (DEAE-dex) and cationized BSA (cBSA) accumulated in the kidney to a great extent whereas anionic and neutral macromolecules such as BSA, carboxymethyl-dextran (CM-dex), and dextran showed only small uptake. DEAE-dex and cBSA were distributed to both the medulla and cortex regions of the kidney and their recoveries in the kidney decreased as the injected dose increased. Similar tissue uptake was observed in the nonfiltering kidney perfusion system suggesting that they were mainly taken up by the kidney from the renal capillary side based on electrostatic interaction. In addition, the steady-state distribution volumes of cationic macromolecules calculated from venous outflow patterns were larger than those of the intravascular volume estimated from the distribution volumes of neutral and anionic macromolecules, suggesting their reversible interaction with the vascular wall. On the other hand, dextran derivatives with molecular weight distribution were excreted into urine based on glomerular permselectivity; i.e., cationic DEAE-dex and anionic CM-dex showed enhanced and restricted urinary excretion, respectively, compared with neutral dextran. In contrast, no significant excretion was observed for BSA and cBSA. The utility of the isolated rat kidney perfusion experiment for studying the renal disposition of macromolecular drugs was thus demonstrated.
Animals↗
Deep and shallow forms of the sulcus for extensor carpi ulnaris.
Anatomical variations in the sulcus for the tendon of extensor carpi ulnaris were studied in 240 upper limbs. The sulcus lies between the head and the styloid process on the dorsal surface of the distal end of the ulna. This groove has deep and shallow forms and, rarely, a flat form. The sulcus was classified into 4 grades according to its depth. Grade I, a deep sulcus, was found in 51.3%. Grades II and III are shallow, but the styloid process in grade II is more prominent than in grade III. The former was found in 28.8%, the latter in 14.2%. Grade IV is a flat form. This was rare and found only in 1.3%. This variation was not age-related, but was a congenital feature.
Adult↗
Scanning electron microscopy of styrene-methylethylketone casts of the airway and the arterial system of the lung.
The method of making casts of airways and the pulmonary arterial system using a styrene polymer resin is described. A human and a dog were used as models. The viscosity of this resin ranges between 40 and 60 dPa/s at 24 degrees C. The elastic rubber tube used for resin injection allows a constant perfusion pressure, i.e., 44 mm Hg and 110 mm Hg for airway and vascular filling, respectively. The casts obtained using this method are suitable both for macro- and microscopic analysis. Shrinkage during polymerization is minimal. Moreover, a preceding lavage is not necessary. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of cast lungs showed the endothelial cell nuclei imprints on vessels. Computer assisted analysis of alveolar capillary interspaces showed that these holes are larger than those described in normal rats. The diameter of alveolar capillaries in dogs is almost the same as in the normal rat lung. When casting the airways, alveolar cells and/or materials inhaled might be preserved and observed in SEM.
Animals↗
[A case of transient fetal hydrops which would be caused by parvovirus B19 infection].
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Erythema Infectiosum↗
Microwear and striae of Retzius of canines of the wild Japanese monkeys (Macaca fuscata).
This is a description of microwear and striae of Retzius of canine teeth of wild-caught female Japanese monkeys (Macaca fuscata) from Oita Takasakiyama, Kyushu. Micrographs were taken of high resolution casts using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Before the casts were made, the diet of the captive monkeys was water-softened for three or four days. This softened diet probably added little wear to the surfaces of the teeth. These animals are part of a sample used in a previous report published in this journal. Others have observed that wild Japanese monkeys eat hard foods (such as grasshoppers, cicads etc.) in the summer season. They also bite the hard bark of trees in order to obtain soft parts of buds in the winter season. The author previously reported that the wild female Japanese monkeys from Oita Takasakiyama showed many thick striations and large pits on the occlusal surfaces of the second mandibular molars, and noted that these microfeatures categorized these samples in the group of hard-object feeders as defined by Teaford. In this study canine teeth are examined. Three were heavily worn, exposing patterns related to the structure of the enamel. Two canines had prism relief on the heavily worn surfaces. Some of the relief seem to be related to the striae of Retzius. These features may be ascribed to excessive grinding (bruxism). These findings are presented as direct evidence of the effect feeding behavior has on the canine teeth of wild Japanese monkeys.
Animals↗
[The clinical significance of thrombin-antithrombin III complex (TAT) and fibrinogen and fibrin degradation products (FDP) levels in ovarian cancer].
We measured the levels of thrombin-antithrombin III complex (TAT) and fibrinogen and fibrin degradation products (FDP) in 115 patients with gynecological malignancies (ovarian cancer 34, cervical cancer 34, endometrial cancer 47). These concentrations were compared to those in control groups of 15 patients with benign ovarian tumor. The levels of TAT and FDP were significantly higher in patients with ovarian cancer compared to the control group (both: p less than 0.01), and these levels were higher than in other gynecological malignancies. In stages I and II the positive rate of TAT and FDP (TAT greater than 3.0 ng/ml, FDP greater than 1.40 microgram/ml) in patients with ovarian cancer was higher than that in other gynecological malignancies. TAT and FDP were increased following cancer dissemination, and the recovery of coagulative and fibrinolytic factors (TAT, FDP) with effective treatment was correlated to the prognosis for patients with ovarian cancer. These levels had no correlation with the levels of CA125 and histological classification in patients with ovarian cancer. Accordingly, these results suggest that these changes in TAT and FDP may be useful, together with other clinical signs, in detecting early stage ovarian cancer.
Adenocarcinoma↗
Scanning electron microscopic study of the needle-shaped process on two kinds of Japanese unhulled rice.
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Microscopy, Electron, Scanning↗
Scanning electron microscopic analysis of dental wear on the heavily worn second molars of the wild Japanese monkey (Macaca fuscata).
Microscopic features on scanning electron micrographs of epoxy-replicas of the second molars of nine wild-caught adult female Japanese monkeys, Macaca fuscata, from Oita Takasakiyama, Kyushu, were measured using a digitizer. These monkeys had been fed a monkey-diet during three or four days of captivity before replicas were made. Six of these specimens showed such heavily worn second molars that narrow peripheral enamel bands surrounded large dentin exposures and the cusps of the others had been worn off. Microwear measurements from sites near facet 9 were compared with those of facet 9 of three kinds of hard-object feeding primates from the literature. The mean percentage of pits among all features (pits and scratches) in these samples was almost equal to those that have been reported previously for Pongo pygmaeus and Cebus apella, but tended to be smaller than those of Cercocebus albigena. The mean pit width of these specimens was larger than that of Pongo pygmaeus and was almost equal to those of Cercocebus albigena and Cebus apella. The mean scratch width of these samples was larger than those of Cebus apella and Pongo pygmaeus. These features and the significant differences between these samples and the nonhard-object eaters such as Colobus guereza place these Macaca samples in the category of hard-object feeders. Additional directly observed seasonal feeding behaviors that would confirm the dietary contribution to these features is now needed.
Animals↗