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T Knight

Publications and source records attributed to T Knight.

33 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed1992

Stuttered and normal speech events in early childhood: the validity of a behavioral data language.

A set of 200 utterances from stuttering and normally speaking children aged 2-4 years was obtained. Each utterance contained a disfluency. A group of 5 sophisticated listeners assigned one of Johnson's eight disfluency categories to each of the 200 utterances. These clinicians showed poor agreement in the categories they assigned. Subsequently, the 200 disfluencies were presented to a group of generalist clinician listeners and a group of unsophisticated listeners, who were asked to judge whether each disfluency was "stuttering" or "normal." The disfluencies judged with high agreement to be "stuttering" and the disfluencies judged with high agreement to be "normal" were not categorically distinguished by the disfluency categories assigned previously by the sophisticated listeners. Further, judged presence of various disfluency categories accounted for only a small portion of the variance in numbers of "stuttering" judgments assigned to disfluencies. It is concluded that it is justifiable to question the validity of the data language used by researchers to describe stuttered and normal speech in early childhood. Several implications of this conclusion are discussed.

Child Language↗
PubMed1991

Surgical suppression of gastric acid secretion. Lessons from long-term follow-up studies.

This paper reviews data from case controls studies, cohort studies, and long-term follow-up papers of over 30,000 patients following surgical reduction of gastric acid secretion 20-40 years postoperatively. There is an increase in gastric cancer which becomes highly significant 20 years after Billroth II resection and rises thereafter, many studies showing a three- or four-fold increase compared with a non-operative control or contrast population. There is little doubt that surgical depression of gastric acid secretion is associated with the development of carcinoma of the stomach. The mechanisms by which this development may occur are discussed.

Gastrectomy↗
PubMed1991

The N-nitrosoproline test as a measure of cancer risk in geographical comparison studies: results from Italy and an overall comparison.

The N-nitrosoproline (NPRO) test has been used in studies in which populations at high risk of cancer have been compared with equivalent populations at lower risk, to examine whether the geographical variation in cancer risk correlates with propensity for endogenous nitrosation, as assessed by the NPRO test. The usual method employed has been to determine NPRO in 12- or 24-h urine samples, after ingestion of L-proline, in a representative sample of the general population. We present results from one such geographical study conducted in two regions of Italy (Florence and Cagliari) with an approximately three-fold variation in gastric cancer mortality. The nonsignificant difference in mean NPRO excretion between the two populations was insufficient to explain the difference in cancer risk. The fact that there are appreciable international differences in formation of NPRO suggests, firstly, that nitrosation may be of relevance to cancer risk in some countries but not in others and, secondly, that variations within one country may not be large enough for significant geographical differences to be evident. Multivariate analysis of individual, rather than grouped, results from our Italian study made it possible to quantify the relevance of different factors to NPRO formation: a major factor is exposure to nitrate. Important relationships may be missed by analysing only grouped data.

Humans↗
PubMed1990

Impact of a natural disaster on a psychiatric inpatient population: clinical observations.

Natural disasters do not always lead to post-traumatic stress disorders (PTSD) for their victims, although stress-related symptoms are commonly reported as results of such disasters. The impact of a natural disaster on the treatment of a hospitalized psychiatric population has never been systematically evaluated. In the fall of 1986, severe river flooding caused evacuation of a 160-bed psychiatric facility. One hundred and twenty-one hospitalized patients were taken to nearby hospital facilities, and many were separated from their primary therapists, fellow patients or both. A mail survey two months post-evacuation assessed stress-related symptoms, the patients' opinions of the impact of the flood on their treatment and functioning, and the patients' views of the evacuation procedures. Patients also responded to questions about their cognitive and affective reactions during each phase of the disaster. Clear evidence of PTSD was not found with this population; however, the findings underscore the importance of keeping patients with familiar staff and peers when possible. Differences between this study and previous disaster studies are noted, and suggestions for coping with natural disasters in inpatient or residential psychiatric facilities are offered.

Crisis Intervention↗
PubMed1969

Erosion-abrasion.

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Chelating Agents↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Auditory deficits and motor dysfunction following iminodipropionitrile administration in the rat.

The behavioral effects of 3,3'-iminodipropionitrile (IDPN) were studied using reflex modification of the acoustic startle response and figure-eight maze activity. A number of experiments were conducted with separate groups of adult male Long-Evans hooded rats exposed to saline or 50-500 mg/kg IDPN for 3 consecutive days. Auditory thresholds (reflex modification), motor activity, and grip strength were measured 1 day, and 1, 3, and 9 weeks postdosing. Reflex inhibition was monitored daily, prior to, during, and for 7 days following exposure. Auditory thresholds for 5- and 40-kHz tones were elevated approximately 25 dB and 50 dB, respectively. The onset of this auditory dysfunction in the 200-mg/kg/day group, as demonstrated by a loss of reflex inhibition, was 2 days for the 40-kHz tone and 4 days for the 5-kHz tone. Motor activity was increased up to 400% in the 200-mg/kg group, whereas there was no alteration in hindlimb grip strength. These data demonstrate dosage- and time-dependent alterations in auditory and motor function following IDPN exposure.

Acoustic Stimulation↗