Nonlinear effects in charge stabilized colloidal suspensions.
Molecular-dynamics simulations are used to study the effective interactions in charged stabilized colloidal suspensions. We focus on highly charged macroions in the limit of low salt concentrations. Within this regime, nonlinear corrections to Debye-Hückel (DH) theory have to be considered. For non-bulk-like systems, such as isolated pairs or triples of macroions, we show that nonlinear effects can become relevant, which cannot be described by the charge renormalization concept [S. Alexander, J. Chem. Phys. 80, 5776 (1984)]. For an isolated pair of macroions, we find an almost perfect qualitative agreement between our simulation data and DH theory. However, on a quantitative level, neither DH theory nor the charge renormalization concept can be confirmed in detail. This seems mainly to be related to the fact that for small ion concentrations, microionic layers can strongly overlap, whereas, simultaneously, excluded volume effects are less important. In the case of isolated triples, where we compare between coaxial and triangular geometries, we find attractive corrections to pairwise additivity in the limit of small macroion separations and salt concentrations. These triplet interactions arise if all three microionic layers around the macroions exhibit a significant overlap. In contrast to the case of two isolated colloids, the charge distribution around a macroion in a triple is found to be anisotropic.